matterbridge/vendor/github.com/rs/zerolog/README.md

Zero Allocation JSON Logger

The zerolog package provides a fast and simple logger dedicated to JSON output.

Zerolog’s API is designed to provide both a great developer experience and stunning performance. Its unique chaining API allows zerolog to write JSON (or CBOR) log events by avoiding allocations and reflection.

Uber’s zap library pioneered this approach. Zerolog is taking this concept to the next level with a simpler to use API and even better performance.

To keep the code base and the API simple, zerolog focuses on efficient structured logging only. Pretty logging on the console is made possible using the provided (but inefficient) zerolog.ConsoleWriter.

Pretty Logging Image

Who uses zerolog

Find out who uses zerolog and add your company / project to the list.

Features

• Blazing fast
• Low to zero allocation
• Leveled logging
• Sampling
• Hooks
• Contextual fields
• context.Context integration
• Integration with net/http
• JSON and CBOR encoding formats
• Pretty logging for development
• Error Logging (with optional Stacktrace)

Installation

go get -u github.com/rs/zerolog/log

Getting Started

Simple Logging Example

For simple logging, import the global logger package github.com/rs/zerolog/log

package main

import (
    "github.com/rs/zerolog"
    "github.com/rs/zerolog/log"
)

func main() {
    // UNIX Time is faster and smaller than most timestamps
    zerolog.TimeFieldFormat = zerolog.TimeFormatUnix

    log.Print("hello world")
}

// Output: {"time":1516134303,"level":"debug","message":"hello world"}

Note: By default log writes to os.Stderr Note: The default log level for log.Print is debug

Contextual Logging

zerolog allows data to be added to log messages in the form of key:value pairs. The data added to the message adds “context” about the log event that can be critical for debugging as well as myriad other purposes. An example of this is below:

package main

import (
    "github.com/rs/zerolog"
    "github.com/rs/zerolog/log"
)

func main() {
    zerolog.TimeFieldFormat = zerolog.TimeFormatUnix

    log.Debug().
        Str("Scale", "833 cents").
        Float64("Interval", 833.09).
        Msg("Fibonacci is everywhere")
    
    log.Debug().
        Str("Name", "Tom").
        Send()
}

// Output: {"level":"debug","Scale":"833 cents","Interval":833.09,"time":1562212768,"message":"Fibonacci is everywhere"}
// Output: {"level":"debug","Name":"Tom","time":1562212768}

You’ll note in the above example that when adding contextual fields, the fields are strongly typed. You can find the full list of supported fields here

Leveled Logging

Simple Leveled Logging Example

package main

import (
    "github.com/rs/zerolog"
    "github.com/rs/zerolog/log"
)

func main() {
    zerolog.TimeFieldFormat = zerolog.TimeFormatUnix

    log.Info().Msg("hello world")
}

// Output: {"time":1516134303,"level":"info","message":"hello world"}

It is very important to note that when using the zerolog chaining API, as shown above (log.Info().Msg("hello world"), the chain must have either the Msg or Msgf method call. If you forget to add either of these, the log will not occur and there is no compile time error to alert you of this.

zerolog allows for logging at the following levels (from highest to lowest):

• panic (zerolog.PanicLevel, 5)
• fatal (zerolog.FatalLevel, 4)
• error (zerolog.ErrorLevel, 3)
• warn (zerolog.WarnLevel, 2)
• info (zerolog.InfoLevel, 1)
• debug (zerolog.DebugLevel, 0)
• trace (zerolog.TraceLevel, -1)

You can set the Global logging level to any of these options using the SetGlobalLevel function in the zerolog package, passing in one of the given constants above, e.g. zerolog.InfoLevel would be the “info” level. Whichever level is chosen, all logs with a level greater than or equal to that level will be written. To turn off logging entirely, pass the zerolog.Disabled constant.

Setting Global Log Level

This example uses command-line flags to demonstrate various outputs depending on the chosen log level.

package main

import (
    "flag"

    "github.com/rs/zerolog"
    "github.com/rs/zerolog/log"
)

func main() {
    zerolog.TimeFieldFormat = zerolog.TimeFormatUnix
    debug := flag.Bool("debug", false, "sets log level to debug")

    flag.Parse()

    // Default level for this example is info, unless debug flag is present
    zerolog.SetGlobalLevel(zerolog.InfoLevel)
    if *debug {
        zerolog.SetGlobalLevel(zerolog.DebugLevel)
    }

    log.Debug().Msg("This message appears only when log level set to Debug")
    log.Info().Msg("This message appears when log level set to Debug or Info")

    if e := log.Debug(); e.Enabled() {
        // Compute log output only if enabled.
        value := "bar"
        e.Str("foo", value).Msg("some debug message")
    }
}

Info Output (no flag)

$ ./logLevelExample
{"time":1516387492,"level":"info","message":"This message appears when log level set to Debug or Info"}

Debug Output (debug flag set)

$ ./logLevelExample -debug
{"time":1516387573,"level":"debug","message":"This message appears only when log level set to Debug"}
{"time":1516387573,"level":"info","message":"This message appears when log level set to Debug or Info"}
{"time":1516387573,"level":"debug","foo":"bar","message":"some debug message"}

Logging without Level or Message

You may choose to log without a specific level by using the Log method. You may also write without a message by setting an empty string in the msg string parameter of the Msg method. Both are demonstrated in the example below.

package main

import (
    "github.com/rs/zerolog"
    "github.com/rs/zerolog/log"
)

func main() {
    zerolog.TimeFieldFormat = zerolog.TimeFormatUnix

    log.Log().
        Str("foo", "bar").
        Msg("")
}

// Output: {"time":1494567715,"foo":"bar"}

Error Logging

You can log errors using the Err method

package main

import (
    "errors"

    "github.com/rs/zerolog"
    "github.com/rs/zerolog/log"
)

func main() {
    zerolog.TimeFieldFormat = zerolog.TimeFormatUnix

    err := errors.New("seems we have an error here")
    log.Error().Err(err).Msg("")
}

// Output: {"level":"error","error":"seems we have an error here","time":1609085256}

The default field name for errors is error, you can change this by setting zerolog.ErrorFieldName to meet your needs.

Error Logging with Stacktrace

Using github.com/pkg/errors, you can add a formatted stacktrace to your errors.

package main

import (
    "github.com/pkg/errors"
    "github.com/rs/zerolog/pkgerrors"

    "github.com/rs/zerolog"
    "github.com/rs/zerolog/log"
)

func main() {
    zerolog.TimeFieldFormat = zerolog.TimeFormatUnix
    zerolog.ErrorStackMarshaler = pkgerrors.MarshalStack

    err := outer()
    log.Error().Stack().Err(err).Msg("")
}

func inner() error {
    return errors.New("seems we have an error here")
}

func middle() error {
    err := inner()
    if err != nil {
        return err
    }
    return nil
}

func outer() error {
    err := middle()
    if err != nil {
        return err
    }
    return nil
}

// Output: {"level":"error","stack":[{"func":"inner","line":"20","source":"errors.go"},{"func":"middle","line":"24","source":"errors.go"},{"func":"outer","line":"32","source":"errors.go"},{"func":"main","line":"15","source":"errors.go"},{"func":"main","line":"204","source":"proc.go"},{"func":"goexit","line":"1374","source":"asm_amd64.s"}],"error":"seems we have an error here","time":1609086683}

zerolog.ErrorStackMarshaler must be set in order for the stack to output anything.

Logging Fatal Messages

package main

import (
    "errors"

    "github.com/rs/zerolog"
    "github.com/rs/zerolog/log"
)

func main() {
    err := errors.New("A repo man spends his life getting into tense situations")
    service := "myservice"

    zerolog.TimeFieldFormat = zerolog.TimeFormatUnix

    log.Fatal().
        Err(err).
        Str("service", service).
        Msgf("Cannot start %s", service)
}

// Output: {"time":1516133263,"level":"fatal","error":"A repo man spends his life getting into tense situations","service":"myservice","message":"Cannot start myservice"}
//         exit status 1

NOTE: Using Msgf generates one allocation even when the logger is disabled.

Create logger instance to manage different outputs

logger := zerolog.New(os.Stderr).With().Timestamp().Logger()

logger.Info().Str("foo", "bar").Msg("hello world")

// Output: {"level":"info","time":1494567715,"message":"hello world","foo":"bar"}

Sub-loggers let you chain loggers with additional context

sublogger := log.With().
                 Str("component", "foo").
                 Logger()
sublogger.Info().Msg("hello world")

// Output: {"level":"info","time":1494567715,"message":"hello world","component":"foo"}

Pretty logging

To log a human-friendly, colorized output, use zerolog.ConsoleWriter:

log.Logger = log.Output(zerolog.ConsoleWriter{Out: os.Stderr})

log.Info().Str("foo", "bar").Msg("Hello world")

// Output: 3:04PM INF Hello World foo=bar

To customize the configuration and formatting:

output := zerolog.ConsoleWriter{Out: os.Stdout, TimeFormat: time.RFC3339}
output.FormatLevel = func(i interface{}) string {
    return strings.ToUpper(fmt.Sprintf("| %-6s|", i))
}
output.FormatMessage = func(i interface{}) string {
    return fmt.Sprintf("***%s****", i)
}
output.FormatFieldName = func(i interface{}) string {
    return fmt.Sprintf("%s:", i)
}
output.FormatFieldValue = func(i interface{}) string {
    return strings.ToUpper(fmt.Sprintf("%s", i))
}

log := zerolog.New(output).With().Timestamp().Logger()

log.Info().Str("foo", "bar").Msg("Hello World")

// Output: 2006-01-02T15:04:05Z07:00 | INFO  | ***Hello World**** foo:BAR

Sub dictionary

log.Info().
    Str("foo", "bar").
    Dict("dict", zerolog.Dict().
        Str("bar", "baz").
        Int("n", 1),
    ).Msg("hello world")

// Output: {"level":"info","time":1494567715,"foo":"bar","dict":{"bar":"baz","n":1},"message":"hello world"}

Customize automatic field names

zerolog.TimestampFieldName = "t"
zerolog.LevelFieldName = "l"
zerolog.MessageFieldName = "m"

log.Info().Msg("hello world")

// Output: {"l":"info","t":1494567715,"m":"hello world"}

Add contextual fields to the global logger

log.Logger = log.With().Str("foo", "bar").Logger()

Add file and line number to log

Equivalent of Llongfile:

log.Logger = log.With().Caller().Logger()
log.Info().Msg("hello world")

// Output: {"level": "info", "message": "hello world", "caller": "/go/src/your_project/some_file:21"}

Equivalent of Lshortfile:

zerolog.CallerMarshalFunc = func(pc uintptr, file string, line int) string {
    short := file
    for i := len(file) - 1; i > 0; i-- {
        if file[i] == '/' {
            short = file[i+1:]
            break
        }
    }
    file = short
    return file + ":" + strconv.Itoa(line)
}
log.Logger = log.With().Caller().Logger()
log.Info().Msg("hello world")

// Output: {"level": "info", "message": "hello world", "caller": "some_file:21"}

Thread-safe, lock-free, non-blocking writer

If your writer might be slow or not thread-safe and you need your log producers to never get slowed down by a slow writer, you can use a diode.Writer as follows:

wr := diode.NewWriter(os.Stdout, 1000, 10*time.Millisecond, func(missed int) {
        fmt.Printf("Logger Dropped %d messages", missed)
    })
log := zerolog.New(wr)
log.Print("test")

You will need to install code.cloudfoundry.org/go-diodes to use this feature.

Log Sampling

sampled := log.Sample(&zerolog.BasicSampler{N: 10})
sampled.Info().Msg("will be logged every 10 messages")

// Output: {"time":1494567715,"level":"info","message":"will be logged every 10 messages"}

More advanced sampling:

// Will let 5 debug messages per period of 1 second.
// Over 5 debug message, 1 every 100 debug messages are logged.
// Other levels are not sampled.
sampled := log.Sample(zerolog.LevelSampler{
    DebugSampler: &zerolog.BurstSampler{
        Burst: 5,
        Period: 1*time.Second,
        NextSampler: &zerolog.BasicSampler{N: 100},
    },
})
sampled.Debug().Msg("hello world")

// Output: {"time":1494567715,"level":"debug","message":"hello world"}

Hooks

type SeverityHook struct{}

func (h SeverityHook) Run(e *zerolog.Event, level zerolog.Level, msg string) {
    if level != zerolog.NoLevel {
        e.Str("severity", level.String())
    }
}

hooked := log.Hook(SeverityHook{})
hooked.Warn().Msg("")

// Output: {"level":"warn","severity":"warn"}

Pass a sub-logger by context

ctx := log.With().Str("component", "module").Logger().WithContext(ctx)

log.Ctx(ctx).Info().Msg("hello world")

// Output: {"component":"module","level":"info","message":"hello world"}

Set as standard logger output

log := zerolog.New(os.Stdout).With().
    Str("foo", "bar").
    Logger()

stdlog.SetFlags(0)
stdlog.SetOutput(log)

stdlog.Print("hello world")

// Output: {"foo":"bar","message":"hello world"}

context.Context integration

Go contexts are commonly passed throughout Go code, and this can help you pass your Logger into places it might otherwise be hard to inject. The Logger instance may be attached to Go context (context.Context) using Logger.WithContext(ctx) and extracted from it using zerolog.Ctx(ctx). For example:

func f() {
    logger := zerolog.New(os.Stdout)
    ctx := context.Background()

    // Attach the Logger to the context.Context
    ctx = logger.WithContext(ctx)
    someFunc(ctx)
}

func someFunc(ctx context.Context) {
    // Get Logger from the go Context. if it's nil, then
    // `zerolog.DefaultContextLogger` is returned, if
    // `DefaultContextLogger` is nil, then a disabled logger is returned.
    logger := zerolog.Ctx(ctx)
    logger.Info().Msg("Hello")
}

A second form of context.Context integration allows you to pass the current context.Context into the logged event, and retrieve it from hooks. This can be useful to log trace and span IDs or other information stored in the go context, and facilitates the unification of logging and tracing in some systems:

type TracingHook struct{}

func (h TracingHook) Run(e *zerolog.Event, level zerolog.Level, msg string) {
    ctx := e.GetCtx()
    spanId := getSpanIdFromContext(ctx) // as per your tracing framework
    e.Str("span-id", spanId)
}

func f() {
    // Setup the logger
    logger := zerolog.New(os.Stdout)
    logger = logger.Hook(TracingHook{})

    ctx := context.Background()
    // Use the Ctx function to make the context available to the hook
    logger.Info().Ctx(ctx).Msg("Hello")
}

Integration with net/http

The github.com/rs/zerolog/hlog package provides some helpers to integrate zerolog with http.Handler.

In this example we use alice to install logger for better readability.

log := zerolog.New(os.Stdout).With().
    Timestamp().
    Str("role", "my-service").
    Str("host", host).
    Logger()

c := alice.New()

// Install the logger handler with default output on the console
c = c.Append(hlog.NewHandler(log))

// Install some provided extra handler to set some request's context fields.
// Thanks to that handler, all our logs will come with some prepopulated fields.
c = c.Append(hlog.AccessHandler(func(r *http.Request, status, size int, duration time.Duration) {
    hlog.FromRequest(r).Info().
        Str("method", r.Method).
        Stringer("url", r.URL).
        Int("status", status).
        Int("size", size).
        Dur("duration", duration).
        Msg("")
}))
c = c.Append(hlog.RemoteAddrHandler("ip"))
c = c.Append(hlog.UserAgentHandler("user_agent"))
c = c.Append(hlog.RefererHandler("referer"))
c = c.Append(hlog.RequestIDHandler("req_id", "Request-Id"))

// Here is your final handler
h := c.Then(http.HandlerFunc(func(w http.ResponseWriter, r *http.Request) {
    // Get the logger from the request's context. You can safely assume it
    // will be always there: if the handler is removed, hlog.FromRequest
    // will return a no-op logger.
    hlog.FromRequest(r).Info().
        Str("user", "current user").
        Str("status", "ok").
        Msg("Something happened")

    // Output: {"level":"info","time":"2001-02-03T04:05:06Z","role":"my-service","host":"local-hostname","req_id":"b4g0l5t6tfid6dtrapu0","user":"current user","status":"ok","message":"Something happened"}
}))
http.Handle("/", h)

if err := http.ListenAndServe(":8080", nil); err != nil {
    log.Fatal().Err(err).Msg("Startup failed")
}

Multiple Log Output

zerolog.MultiLevelWriter may be used to send the log message to multiple outputs. In this example, we send the log message to both os.Stdout and the in-built ConsoleWriter.

func main() {
    consoleWriter := zerolog.ConsoleWriter{Out: os.Stdout}

    multi := zerolog.MultiLevelWriter(consoleWriter, os.Stdout)

    logger := zerolog.New(multi).With().Timestamp().Logger()

    logger.Info().Msg("Hello World!")
}

// Output (Line 1: Console; Line 2: Stdout)
// 12:36PM INF Hello World!
// {"level":"info","time":"2019-11-07T12:36:38+03:00","message":"Hello World!"}

Global Settings

Some settings can be changed and will be applied to all loggers:

• log.Logger: You can set this value to customize the global logger (the one used by package level methods).
• zerolog.SetGlobalLevel: Can raise the minimum level of all loggers. Call this with zerolog.Disabled to disable logging altogether (quiet mode).
• zerolog.DisableSampling: If argument is true, all sampled loggers will stop sampling and issue 100% of their log events.
• zerolog.TimestampFieldName: Can be set to customize Timestamp field name.
• zerolog.LevelFieldName: Can be set to customize level field name.
• zerolog.MessageFieldName: Can be set to customize message field name.
• zerolog.ErrorFieldName: Can be set to customize Err field name.
• zerolog.TimeFieldFormat: Can be set to customize Time field value formatting. If set with zerolog.TimeFormatUnix, zerolog.TimeFormatUnixMs or zerolog.TimeFormatUnixMicro, times are formated as UNIX timestamp.
• zerolog.DurationFieldUnit: Can be set to customize the unit for time.Duration type fields added by Dur (default: time.Millisecond).
• zerolog.DurationFieldInteger: If set to true, Dur fields are formatted as integers instead of floats (default: false).
• zerolog.ErrorHandler: Called whenever zerolog fails to write an event on its output. If not set, an error is printed on the stderr. This handler must be thread safe and non-blocking.

Field Types

Standard Types

• Str
• Bool
• Int, Int8, Int16, Int32, Int64
• Uint, Uint8, Uint16, Uint32, Uint64
• Float32, Float64

Advanced Fields

• Err: Takes an error and renders it as a string using the zerolog.ErrorFieldName field name.
• Func: Run a func only if the level is enabled.
• Timestamp: Inserts a timestamp field with zerolog.TimestampFieldName field name, formatted using zerolog.TimeFieldFormat.
• Time: Adds a field with time formatted with zerolog.TimeFieldFormat.
• Dur: Adds a field with time.Duration.
• Dict: Adds a sub-key/value as a field of the event.
• RawJSON: Adds a field with an already encoded JSON ([]byte)
• Hex: Adds a field with value formatted as a hexadecimal string ([]byte)
• Interface: Uses reflection to marshal the type.

Most fields are also available in the slice format (Strs for []string, Errs for []error etc.)

Binary Encoding

In addition to the default JSON encoding, zerolog can produce binary logs using CBOR encoding. The choice of encoding can be decided at compile time using the build tag binary_log as follows:

go build -tags binary_log .

To Decode binary encoded log files you can use any CBOR decoder. One has been tested to work with zerolog library is CSD.

Related Projects

• grpc-zerolog: Implementation of grpclog.LoggerV2 interface using zerolog
• overlog: Implementation of Mapped Diagnostic Context interface using zerolog
• zerologr: Implementation of logr.LogSink interface using zerolog

Benchmarks

See logbench for more comprehensive and up-to-date benchmarks.

All operations are allocation free (those numbers include JSON encoding):

BenchmarkLogEmpty-8        100000000    19.1 ns/op     0 B/op       0 allocs/op
BenchmarkDisabled-8        500000000    4.07 ns/op     0 B/op       0 allocs/op
BenchmarkInfo-8            30000000     42.5 ns/op     0 B/op       0 allocs/op
BenchmarkContextFields-8   30000000     44.9 ns/op     0 B/op       0 allocs/op
BenchmarkLogFields-8       10000000     184 ns/op      0 B/op       0 allocs/op

There are a few Go logging benchmarks and comparisons that include zerolog.

• imkira/go-loggers-bench
• uber-common/zap

Using Uber’s zap comparison benchmark:

Log a message and 10 fields:

Library	Time	Bytes Allocated	Objects Allocated
zerolog	767 ns/op	552 B/op	6 allocs/op
⚡ zap	848 ns/op	704 B/op	2 allocs/op
⚡ zap (sugared)	1363 ns/op	1610 B/op	20 allocs/op
go-kit	3614 ns/op	2895 B/op	66 allocs/op
lion	5392 ns/op	5807 B/op	63 allocs/op
logrus	5661 ns/op	6092 B/op	78 allocs/op
apex/log	15332 ns/op	3832 B/op	65 allocs/op
log15	20657 ns/op	5632 B/op	93 allocs/op

Log a message with a logger that already has 10 fields of context:

Library	Time	Bytes Allocated	Objects Allocated
zerolog	52 ns/op	0 B/op	0 allocs/op
⚡ zap	283 ns/op	0 B/op	0 allocs/op
⚡ zap (sugared)	337 ns/op	80 B/op	2 allocs/op
lion	2702 ns/op	4074 B/op	38 allocs/op
go-kit	3378 ns/op	3046 B/op	52 allocs/op
logrus	4309 ns/op	4564 B/op	63 allocs/op
apex/log	13456 ns/op	2898 B/op	51 allocs/op
log15	14179 ns/op	2642 B/op	44 allocs/op

Log a static string, without any context or printf-style templating:

Library	Time	Bytes Allocated	Objects Allocated
zerolog	50 ns/op	0 B/op	0 allocs/op
⚡ zap	236 ns/op	0 B/op	0 allocs/op
standard library	453 ns/op	80 B/op	2 allocs/op
⚡ zap (sugared)	337 ns/op	80 B/op	2 allocs/op
go-kit	508 ns/op	656 B/op	13 allocs/op
lion	771 ns/op	1224 B/op	10 allocs/op
logrus	1244 ns/op	1505 B/op	27 allocs/op
apex/log	2751 ns/op	584 B/op	11 allocs/op
log15	5181 ns/op	1592 B/op	26 allocs/op

Caveats

Field duplication

Note that zerolog does no de-duplication of fields. Using the same key multiple times creates multiple keys in final JSON:

logger := zerolog.New(os.Stderr).With().Timestamp().Logger()
logger.Info().
       Timestamp().
       Msg("dup")
// Output: {"level":"info","time":1494567715,"time":1494567715,"message":"dup"}

In this case, many consumers will take the last value, but this is not guaranteed; check yours if in doubt.

Concurrency safety

Be careful when calling UpdateContext. It is not concurrency safe. Use the With method to create a child logger:

func handler(w http.ResponseWriter, r *http.Request) {
    // Create a child logger for concurrency safety
    logger := log.Logger.With().Logger()

    // Add context fields, for example User-Agent from HTTP headers
    logger.UpdateContext(func(c zerolog.Context) zerolog.Context {
        ...
    })
}