iwd/tools/test-runner

#!/usr/bin/python3

import argparse
import os
import shutil
import ctypes
import fcntl
import shlex
import sys
import subprocess
import atexit
import time
import unittest
import importlib
import signal
from unittest.result import TestResult
import pyroute2
import multiprocessing
import re
import traceback

from configparser import ConfigParser
from prettytable import PrettyTable
from termcolor import colored
from glob import glob
from collections import namedtuple
from time import sleep
import dbus.mainloop.glib
from gi.repository import GLib
from weakref import WeakValueDictionary

libc = ctypes.cdll['libc.so.6']
libc.mount.argtypes = (ctypes.c_char_p, ctypes.c_char_p, ctypes.c_char_p, \
			ctypes.c_ulong, ctypes.c_char_p)

# Using ctypes to load the libc library is somewhat low level. Because of this
# we need to define our own flags/options for use with mounting.
MS_NOSUID = 2
MS_NODEV = 4
MS_NOEXEC = 8
MS_STRICTATIME = 1 << 24
STDIN_FILENO = 0
TIOCSTTY = 0x540E

config = None
intf_id = 0

TEST_MAX_TIMEOUT = 120

dbus.mainloop.glib.DBusGMainLoop(set_as_default=True)

def dbg(*s, **kwargs):
	'''
		Allows prints if stdout has been re-directed
	'''
	print(*s, **kwargs, file=sys.__stdout__)

def exit_vm():
	if config:
		for p in Process.get_all():
			print("Process %s still running!" % p.args[0])
			p.kill()

	if config.ctx and config.ctx.results:
		print_results(config.ctx.results)

	os.sync()

	RB_AUTOBOOT = 0x01234567
	#
	# Calling 'reboot' or 'shutdown' from a shell (e.g. os.system('reboot'))
	# is not the same the POSIX reboot() and will cause a kernel panic since
	# we are the init process. The libc.reboot() allows the VM to exit
	# gracefully.
	#
	libc.reboot(RB_AUTOBOOT)

def path_exists(path):
	'''
		Searches PATH as well as absolute paths.
	'''
	if shutil.which(path):
		return True
	try:
		os.stat(path)
	except:
		return False
	return True

def find_binary(list):
	'''
		Returns a binary from 'list' if its found in PATH or on a
		valid absolute path.
	'''
	for path in list:
		if path_exists(path):
			return path
	return None

def mount(source, target, fs, flags, options=''):
	'''
		Python wrapper for libc mount()
	'''
	ret = libc.mount(source.encode(), target.encode(), fs.encode(), flags,
				options.encode())
	if ret < 0:
		errno = ctypes.get_errno()
		raise Exception("Could not mount %s (%d)" % (target, errno))

MountInfo = namedtuple('MountInfo', 'fstype target options flags')

mount_table = [
	MountInfo('sysfs', '/sys', '', MS_NOSUID|MS_NOEXEC|MS_NODEV),
	MountInfo('proc', '/proc', '', MS_NOSUID|MS_NOEXEC|MS_NODEV),
	MountInfo('devpts', '/dev/pts', 'mode=0620', MS_NOSUID|MS_NOEXEC),
	MountInfo('tmpfs', '/dev/shm', 'mode=1777', MS_NOSUID|MS_NODEV|MS_STRICTATIME),
	MountInfo('tmpfs', '/run', 'mode=0755', MS_NOSUID|MS_NODEV|MS_STRICTATIME),
	MountInfo('tmpfs', '/tmp', '', 0),
	MountInfo('tmpfs', '/usr/share/dbus-1', 'mode=0755', MS_NOSUID|MS_NOEXEC|MS_NODEV|MS_STRICTATIME),
	MountInfo('debugfs', '/sys/kernel/debug', '', 0)
]

DevInfo = namedtuple('DevInfo', 'target linkpath')

dev_table = [
	DevInfo('/proc/self/fd', '/dev/fd'),
	DevInfo('/proc/self/fd/0', '/dev/stdin'),
	DevInfo('/proc/self/fd/1', '/dev/stdout'),
	DevInfo('/proc/self/fd/2', '/dev/stderr')
]

# Partial DBus config. The remainder (<listen>) will be filled in for each
# namespace that is created so each individual dbus-daemon has its own socket
# and address.
dbus_config = '''
<!DOCTYPE busconfig PUBLIC \
"-//freedesktop//DTD D-Bus Bus Configuration 1.0//EN" \
"http://www.freedesktop.org/standards/dbus/1.0/\
busconfig.dtd\">
<busconfig>
<type>system</type>
<limit name=\"reply_timeout\">2147483647</limit>
<auth>ANONYMOUS</auth>
<allow_anonymous/>
<policy context=\"default\">
<allow user=\"*\"/>
<allow own=\"*\"/>
<allow send_type=\"method_call\"/>
<allow send_type=\"signal\"/>
<allow send_type=\"method_return\"/>
<allow send_type=\"error\"/>
<allow receive_type=\"method_call\"/>
<allow receive_type=\"signal\"/>
<allow receive_type=\"method_return\"/>
<allow receive_type=\"error\"/>
<allow send_destination=\"*\" eavesdrop=\"true\"/>
<allow eavesdrop=\"true\"/>
</policy>
'''

class Process(subprocess.Popen):
	processes = WeakValueDictionary()
	ctx = None

	def __new__(cls, *args, **kwargs):
		obj = super().__new__(cls)
		cls.processes[id(obj)] = obj
		return obj

	def __init__(self, args, namespace=None, outfile=None, env=None, check=False, cleanup=None):
		self.write_fds = []
		self.io_watch = None
		self.cleanup = cleanup
		self.verbose = False
		self.out = ''
		self.hup = False
		self.killed = False
		self.namespace = namespace

		if not self.ctx:
			global config
			self.ctx = config.ctx

		if self.ctx.is_verbose(args[0], log=False):
			self.verbose = True

		if namespace:
			args = ['ip', 'netns', 'exec', namespace] + args

		if outfile:
			# outfile is only used by iwmon, in which case we don't want
			# to append to an existing file.
			self._append_outfile(outfile, append=False)

		if self.ctx.args.log:
			logfile = '%s/%s/%s' % (self.ctx.args.log,
						os.path.basename(os.getcwd()),
						args[0])
			self._append_outfile(logfile)

		super().__init__(args, stdout=subprocess.PIPE, stderr=subprocess.STDOUT,
					env=env, cwd=os.getcwd())

		# Set as non-blocking so read() in the IO callback doesn't block forever
		fl = fcntl.fcntl(self.stdout, fcntl.F_GETFL)
		fcntl.fcntl(self.stdout, fcntl.F_SETFL, fl | os.O_NONBLOCK)

		self.io_watch = GLib.io_add_watch(self.stdout, GLib.IO_IN |
						GLib.IO_HUP | GLib.IO_ERR, self.process_io)

		print("Starting process {}".format(self.args))

		if check:
			self.wait(10)
			self.killed = True
			if self.returncode != 0:
				raise subprocess.CalledProcessError(returncode=self.returncode,
									cmd=args)

	@classmethod
	def get_all(cls):
		return cls.processes.values()

	@classmethod
	def kill_all(cls):
		for p in cls.processes.values():
			p.kill()

	@staticmethod
	def _write_io(instance, data, stdout=True):
		for f in instance.write_fds:
			f.write(data)

			# Write out a separator so multiple process calls per
			# test are easer to read.
			if instance.hup:
				f.write("Terminated: {}\n\n".format(instance.args))

			f.flush()

		if instance.verbose and stdout:
			sys.__stdout__.write(data)
			sys.__stdout__.flush()

	@classmethod
	def write_separators(cls, sep):
		for proc in cls.processes.values():
			if proc.killed:
				continue

			cls._write_io(proc, sep, stdout=False)

	def process_io(self, source, condition):
		if condition & GLib.IO_HUP:
			self.hup = True

		data = source.read()

		if not data:
			return True

		data = data.decode('utf-8')

		# Save data away in case the caller needs it (e.g. list_sta)
		self.out += data

		self._write_io(self, data)

		return True

	def _append_outfile(self, file, append=True):
		gid = int(self.ctx.args.log_gid)
		uid = int(self.ctx.args.log_uid)
		dir = os.path.dirname(file)

		if not path_exists(dir):
			os.mkdir(dir)
			os.chown(dir, uid, gid)

		file = os.path.join(dir,file)

		# If the out file exists, append. Useful for processes like
		# hostapd_cli where it is called multiple times independently.
		if os.path.isfile(file) and append:
			mode = 'a'
		else:
			mode = 'w'

		try:
			f = open(os.path.join(dir, file), mode)
		except Exception as e:
			traceback.print_exc()
			exit(0)

		os.fchown(f.fileno(), uid, gid)

		self.write_fds.append(f)

	def wait_for_socket(self, socket, wait):
		Namespace.non_block_wait(os.path.exists, wait, socket)

	# Wait for both process termination and HUP signal
	def __wait(self, timeout):
		try:
			super().wait(timeout)
			if not self.hup:
				return False

			return True
		except:
			return False

	# Override wait() so it can do so non-blocking
	def wait(self, timeout=10):
		Namespace.non_block_wait(self.__wait, timeout, 1)
		self._cleanup()

	def _cleanup(self):
		if self.cleanup:
			self.cleanup()

		self.write_fds = []

		if self.io_watch:
			GLib.source_remove(self.io_watch)
			self.io_watch = None

		self.cleanup = None
		self.killed = True

	# Override kill()
	def kill(self, force=False):
		if self.killed:
			return

		print("Killing process {}".format(self.args))

		if force:
			super().kill()
		else:
			self.terminate()

		try:
			self.wait(timeout=15)
		except:
			dbg("Process %s did not complete in 15 seconds!" % self.name)
			super().kill()

		self._cleanup()

	def __str__(self):
		return str(self.args) + '\n'

class Interface:
	def __init__(self, name, config):
		self.name = name
		self.ctrl_interface = '/var/run/hostapd/' + name
		self.config = config

	def __del__(self):
		Process(['iw', 'dev', self.name, 'del']).wait()

	def set_interface_state(self, state):
		Process(['ifconfig', self.name, state]).wait()

class Radio:
	def __init__(self, name):
		self.name = name
		# hostapd will reset this if this radio is used by it
		self.use = 'iwd'
		self.interface = None

	def __del__(self):
		print("Removing radio %s" % self.name)
		self.interface = None

	def create_interface(self, config, use):
		global intf_id

		ifname = 'wln%s' % intf_id

		intf_id += 1

		self.interface = Interface(ifname, config)
		self.use = use

		Process(['iw', 'phy', self.name, 'interface', 'add', ifname,
				'type', 'managed']).wait()

		return self.interface

	def __str__(self):
		ret = self.name + ':\n'
		ret += '\tUsed By: %s ' % self.use
		if self.interface:
			ret += '(%s)' % self.interface.name

		ret += '\n'

		return ret

class VirtualRadio(Radio):
	'''
		A subclass of 'Radio' specific to mac80211_hwsim radios.

		TODO: Using D-Bus to create and destroy radios is more desireable
		than the command line.
	'''

	def __init__(self, name, cfg=None):
		global config

		self.disable_cipher = None
		self.disable_iftype = None

		self.hwsim = config.hwsim.Hwsim()

		if cfg:
			self.disable_iftype = cfg.get('iftype_disable', None)
			self.disable_cipher = cfg.get('cipher_disable', None)

		self._radio = self.hwsim.radios.create(name, p2p_device=True,
					iftype_disable=self.disable_iftype,
					cipher_disable=self.disable_cipher)

		super().__init__(self._radio.name)

	def __del__(self):
		super().__del__()

		# If the radio was moved into a namespace this will fail
		try:
			self._radio.remove()
		except:
			pass

		self._radio = None

	def __str__(self):
		ret = super().__str__()

		if self.disable_iftype:
			ret += '\tDisabled interface types: %s\n' % self.disable_iftype

		if self.disable_cipher:
			ret += '\tDisabled ciphers: %s\n' % self.disable_cipher

		ret += '\tPath: %s' % self._radio.path

		ret += '\n'

		return ret

class HostapdInstance:
	'''
		A single instance of hostapd. In reality all hostapd instances
		are started as a single process. This class just makes things
		convenient for communicating with one of the hostapd APs.
	'''
	def __init__(self, config, radio):
		self.radio = radio
		self.config = config
		self.cli = None

		self.intf = radio.create_interface(self.config, 'hostapd')
		self.intf.set_interface_state('up')

	def __del__(self):
		print("Removing HostapdInstance %s" % self.config)
		self.intf.set_interface_state('down')
		self.radio = None
		self.intf = None

	def __str__(self):
		ret = 'Hostapd (%s)\n' % self.intf.name
		ret += '\tConfig: %s\n' % self.config

		return ret

class Hostapd:
	'''
		A set of running hostapd instances. This is really just a single
		process since hostapd can be started with multiple config files.
	'''
	def __init__(self, ctx, radios, configs, radius):
		self.ctx = ctx

		if len(configs) != len(radios):
			raise Exception("Config (%d) and radio (%d) list length not equal" % \
						(len(configs), len(radios)))

		print("Initializing hostapd instances")

		Process(['ip', 'link', 'set', 'eth0', 'up']).wait()
		Process(['ip', 'link', 'set', 'eth1', 'up']).wait()

		self.global_ctrl_iface = '/var/run/hostapd/ctrl'

		self.instances = [HostapdInstance(c, r) for c, r in zip(configs, radios)]

		ifaces = [rad.interface.name for rad in radios]
		ifaces = ','.join(ifaces)

		args = ['hostapd', '-g', self.global_ctrl_iface]

		if ifaces:
			args.extend(['-i', ifaces])

		#
		# Config files should already be present in /tmp. This appends
		# ctrl_interface and does any variable replacement. Currently
		# this is just any $ifaceN occurrences.
		#
		for c in configs:
			full_path = '/tmp/%s' % c
			args.append(full_path)

			self._rewrite_config(full_path)

		if radius:
			args.append(radius)

		if ctx.is_verbose('hostapd'):
			args.append('-d')

		self.process = Process(args)

		self.process.wait_for_socket(self.global_ctrl_iface, 30)

		for hapd in self.instances:
			self.process.wait_for_socket(hapd.intf.ctrl_interface, 30)

	def attach_cli(self):
		global config

		for hapd in self.instances:
			hapd.cli = config.hostapd.HostapdCLI(config=hapd.config)

	def _rewrite_config(self, config):
		'''
			Replaces any $ifaceN values with the correct interface
			names as well as appends the ctrl_interface path to
			the config file.
		'''
		with open(config, 'r+') as f:
			data = f.read()
			to_replace = []
			for match in re.finditer(r'\$iface[0-9]+', data):
				tag = data[match.start():match.end()]
				idx = tag.split('iface')[1]

				to_replace.append((tag, self.instances[int(idx)].intf.name))

			for r in to_replace:
				data = data.replace(r[0], r[1], 1)

			data += '\nctrl_interface=/var/run/hostapd\n'

			f.write(data)

	def __getitem__(self, config):
		if not config:
			return self.instances[0]

		for hapd in self.instances:
			if hapd.config == config:
				return hapd

		return None

	def __del__(self):
		print("Removing Hostapd")
		try:
			os.remove(self.global_ctrl_iface)
		except:
			print("Failed to remove %s" % self.global_ctrl_iface)

		self.instances = None

		# Hostapd may have already been stopped
		if self.process:
			self.ctx.stop_process(self.process)

		self.ctx = None

		# Hostapd creates simdb sockets for EAP-SIM/AKA tests but does not
		# clean them up.
		for f in glob("/tmp/eap_sim_db*"):
			os.remove(f)

dbus_count = 0

class Namespace:
	def __init__(self, args, name, radios):
		self.dbus_address = None
		self.name = name
		self.radios = radios
		self.args = args

		Process(['ip', 'netns', 'add', name]).wait()
		for r in radios:
			Process(['iw', 'phy', r.name, 'set', 'netns', 'name', name]).wait()

		self.start_dbus()

	def reset(self):
		self._bus = None

		for r in self.radios:
			r._radio = None

		self.radios = []

		Process.kill_all()

	def __del__(self):
		print("Removing namespace %s" % self.name)

		Process(['ip', 'netns', 'del', self.name]).wait()

	def get_bus(self):
		return self._bus

	def start_process(self, args, env=None, **kwargs):
		if not env:
			env = os.environ.copy()

		if hasattr(self, "dbus_address"):
			# In case this process needs DBus...
			env['DBUS_SYSTEM_BUS_ADDRESS'] = self.dbus_address

		return Process(args, namespace=self.name, env=env, **kwargs)

	def stop_process(self, p, force=False):
		p.kill(force)

	def is_process_running(self, process):
		for p in Process.get_all():
			if p.namespace == self.name and p.args[0] == process:
				return True
		return False

	def _cleanup_dbus(self):
		try:
			os.remove(self.dbus_address.split('=')[1])
		except:
			pass

		os.remove(self.dbus_cfg)

	def start_dbus(self):
		global dbus_count

		self.dbus_address = 'unix:path=/tmp/dbus%d' % dbus_count
		self.dbus_cfg = '/tmp/dbus%d.conf' % dbus_count
		dbus_count += 1

		with open(self.dbus_cfg, 'w+') as f:
			f.write(dbus_config)
			f.write('<listen>%s</listen>\n' % self.dbus_address)
			f.write('</busconfig>\n')

		p = self.start_process(['dbus-daemon', '--config-file=%s' % self.dbus_cfg],
					cleanup=self._cleanup_dbus)

		p.wait_for_socket(self.dbus_address.split('=')[1], 5)

		self._bus = dbus.bus.BusConnection(address_or_type=self.dbus_address)

	def start_iwd(self, config_dir = '/tmp', storage_dir = '/tmp/iwd'):
		args = []
		iwd_radios = ','.join([r.name for r in self.radios if r.use == 'iwd'])

		if self.args.valgrind:
			args.extend(['valgrind', '--leak-check=full', '--track-origins=yes',
					'--log-file=/tmp/valgrind.log.%p'])

		args.extend(['iwd', '-p', iwd_radios, '-E'])

		if self.is_verbose(args[0]):
			args.append('-d')

		env = os.environ.copy()

		env['CONFIGURATION_DIRECTORY'] = config_dir
		env['STATE_DIRECTORY'] = storage_dir

		if self.is_verbose('iwd-dhcp'):
			env['IWD_DHCP_DEBUG'] = '1'

		if self.is_verbose('iwd-tls'):
			env['IWD_TLS_DEBUG'] = '1'

		if self.is_verbose('iwd-acd'):
			env['IWD_ACD_DEBUG'] = '1'

		return self.start_process(args, env=env)

	def is_verbose(self, process, log=True):
		process = os.path.basename(process)

		if self.args is None:
			return False

		# every process is verbose when logging is enabled
		if log and self.args.log:
			return True

		if process in self.args.verbose:
			return True

		# Special case here to enable verbose output with valgrind running
		if process == 'valgrind' and 'iwd' in self.args.verbose:
			return True

		# Handle any glob matches
		for item in self.args.verbose:
			if process in glob(item):
				return True

		return False

	@staticmethod
	def non_block_wait(func, timeout, *args, exception=True):
		'''
			Convenience function for waiting in a non blocking
			manor using GLibs context iteration i.e. does not block
			the main loop while waiting.

			'func' will be called at least once and repeatedly until
			either it returns success, throws an exception, or the
			'timeout' expires.

			'timeout' is the ultimate timeout in seconds

			'*args' will be passed to 'func'

			If 'exception' is an Exception type it will be raised.
			If 'exception' is True a generic TimeoutError will be raised.
			Any other value will not result in an exception.
		'''
		# Simple class for signaling the wait timeout
		class Bool:
			def __init__(self, value):
				self.value = value

		def wait_timeout_cb(done):
			done.value = True
			return False

		mainloop = GLib.MainLoop()
		done = Bool(False)

		timeout = GLib.timeout_add_seconds(timeout, wait_timeout_cb, done)
		context = mainloop.get_context()

		while True:
			context.iteration(may_block=False)

			try:
				ret = func(*args)
				if ret:
					if not done.value:
						GLib.source_remove(timeout)
					return ret
			except Exception as e:
				if not done.value:
					GLib.source_remove(timeout)
				raise e

			sleep(0.1)

			if done.value == True:
				if isinstance(exception, Exception):
					raise exception
				elif type(exception) == bool and exception:
					raise TimeoutError("Timeout on non_block_wait")
				else:
					return

	def __str__(self):
		ret = 'Namespace: %s\n' % self.name
		ret += 'Processes:\n'
		for p in Process.get_all():
			ret += '\t%s' % str(p)

		ret += 'Radios:\n'
		if len(self.radios) > 0:
			for r in self.radios:
				ret += '\t%s\n' % str(r)
		else:
			ret += '\tNo Radios\n'

		ret += 'DBus Address: %s\n' % self.dbus_address
		ret += '===================================================\n\n'

		return ret

class TestContext(Namespace):
	'''
		Contains all information for a given set of tests being run
		such as processes, radios, interfaces and test results.
	'''
	def __init__(self, args):
		self.name = None
		self.args = args
		self.hw_config = None
		self.hostapd = None
		self.wpas_interfaces = None
		self.cur_radio_id = 0
		self.cur_iface_id = 0
		self.radios = []
		self.loopback_started = False
		self.results = {}
		self.mainloop = GLib.MainLoop()
		self.namespaces = []

	def start_dbus_monitor(self):
		if not self.is_verbose('dbus-monitor'):
			return

		self.start_process(['dbus-monitor', '--address', self.dbus_address])

	def start_haveged(self):
		self.start_process(['haveged', '-F'])

	def create_radios(self):
		setup = self.hw_config['SETUP']
		nradios = int(setup['num_radios'])
		args = ['hwsim']

		if self.hw_config['SETUP'].get('hwsim_medium', 'no') in ['no', '0', 'false']:
			# register hwsim as medium
			args.extend(['--no-register'])

		self.start_process(args)
		self.non_block_wait(self._bus.name_has_owner, 20, 'net.connman.hwsim',
					exception=TimeoutError('net.connman.hwsim did not appear'))

		for i in range(nradios):
			name = 'rad%u' % i

			# Get any [radX] sections. These are for configuring
			# any special radios. This no longer requires a
			# radio_conf list, we just assume radios start rad0
			# and increment.
			rad_config = None
			if self.hw_config.has_section(name):
				rad_config = self.hw_config[name]

			self.radios.append(VirtualRadio(name, rad_config))
			self.cur_radio_id += 1

	def discover_radios(self):
		phys = []
		iw = pyroute2.iwutil.IW()

		attrs = [phy['attrs'] for phy in iw.list_wiphy()]

		for attr in attrs:
			for key, value in attr:
				if key == 'NL80211_ATTR_WIPHY_NAME':
					if value not in phys:
						phys.append(value)
					break

		print('Discovered radios: %s' % str(phys))
		self.radios = [Radio(name) for name in phys]

	def start_radios(self):
		reg_domain = self.hw_config['SETUP'].get('reg_domain', None)
		if reg_domain:
			Process(['iw', 'reg', 'set', reg_domain]).wait()

		if self.args.hw:
			self.discover_radios()
		else:
			self.create_radios()

	def start_hostapd(self):
		if not 'HOSTAPD' in self.hw_config:
			return

		settings = self.hw_config['HOSTAPD']

		if self.args.hw:
			# Just grab the first N radios. It gets rather
			# complicated trying to map radX radios specified in
			# hw.conf so any passed through physical adapters are
			# just given to hostapd/IWD as they appear during
			# discovery.
			#
			# TODO: It may be desireable to map PCI/USB adapters to
			#       specific radX radios specified in the config but
			#       there are really 2 separate use cases here.
			#       1. You want to test a *specific* radio with IWD
			#          or hostapd. For this you would want radX
			#          to map to a specific radio
			#       2. You have many adapters in use to run multiple
			#          tests. In this case you would not care what
			#          was using each radio, just that there was
			#          enough to run all tests.
			nradios = 0
			for k, _ in settings.items():
				if k == 'radius_server':
					continue
				nradios += 1

			hapd_radios = self.radios[:nradios]

		else:
			hapd_radios = [rad for rad in self.radios if rad.name in settings]

		hapd_configs = [conf for rad, conf in settings.items() if rad != 'radius_server']

		radius_config = settings.get('radius_server', None)

		self.hostapd = Hostapd(self, hapd_radios, hapd_configs, radius_config)
		self.hostapd.attach_cli()

	def get_frequencies(self):
		frequencies = []

		for hapd in self.hostapd.instances:
			frequencies.append(hapd.cli.frequency)

		return frequencies

	def start_wpas_interfaces(self):
		if 'WPA_SUPPLICANT' not in self.hw_config:
			return

		settings = self.hw_config['WPA_SUPPLICANT']
		wpas_radios = [rad for rad in self.radios if rad.name in settings]
		self.wpas_interfaces = [rad.create_interface(settings[rad.name], 'wpas') for rad in wpas_radios]

	def start_ofono(self):
		sim_keys = self.hw_config['SETUP'].get('sim_keys', None)
		if not sim_keys:
			print("Ofono not requred")
			return
		elif sim_keys != 'ofono':
			os.environ['IWD_SIM_KEYS'] = sim_keys
			return

		if not find_binary(['ofonod']) or not find_binary(['phonesim']):
			print("Ofono or Phonesim not found, skipping test")
			return

		Process(['ifconfig', 'lo', 'up']).wait()

		os.environ['OFONO_PHONESIM_CONFIG'] = '/tmp/phonesim.conf'

		phonesim_args = ['phonesim', '-p', '12345', '/usr/share/phonesim/default.xml']

		self.start_process(phonesim_args)

		#
		# TODO:
		# Is there something to wait for? Without this phonesim rejects
		# connections on all but the fist test.
		#
		time.sleep(3)

		ofono_args = ['ofonod', '-n', '--plugin=atmodem,phonesim']
		if self.is_verbose('ofonod'):
			ofono_args.append('-d')

		self.start_process(ofono_args)

		print("Ofono started")

	def create_namespaces(self):
		if not self.hw_config.has_section('NameSpaces'):
			return

		for key, value in self.hw_config.items('NameSpaces'):
			radio_names = value.split(',')
			# Gather up radio objects for this namespace
			radios = [rad for rad in self.radios if rad.name in radio_names]

			# Remove radios from 'root' namespace
			self.radios = list(set(self.radios) - set(radios))

			self.namespaces.append(Namespace(self.args, key, radios))

	def get_namespace(self, ns):
		for n in self.namespaces:
			if n.name == ns:
				return n

		return None

	def stop_test_processes(self):
		for n in self.namespaces:
			n.reset()

		self.namespaces = []
		self.hostapd = None
		self.wpas_interfaces = None

		self.reset()

	def __str__(self):
		ret = 'Arguments:\n'
		for arg in vars(self.args):
			ret += '\t --%s %s\n' % (arg, str(getattr(self.args, arg)))

		ret += 'Hostapd:\n'
		if self.hostapd:
			for h in self.hostapd.instances:
				ret += '\t%s\n' % str(h)
		else:
			ret += '\tNo Hostapd instances\n'

		ret += super().__str__()

		for n in self.namespaces:
			ret += n.__str__()

		return ret

def prepare_sandbox():
	print('Preparing sandbox')

	for entry in mount_table:
		try:
			os.lstat(entry.target)
		except:
			os.mkdir(entry.target, 755)

		mount(entry.fstype, entry.target, entry.fstype, entry.flags,
			entry.options)

	for entry in dev_table:
		os.symlink(entry.target, entry.linkpath)

	os.mkdir('/tmp/iwd')

	os.setsid()

	fcntl.ioctl(STDIN_FILENO, TIOCSTTY, 1)

def build_unit_list(args):
	'''
		Build list of unit tests based on passed arguments. This first
		checks for literal names provided in the arguments, then if
		no matches were found, checks for a glob match.
	'''
	tests = []
	test_root = args.testhome + '/unit'

	for unit in args.unit_tests.split(','):
		path = '%s/%s' % (test_root, unit)
		if os.access(unit, os.X_OK):
			tests.append(unit)
		elif os.access(path, os.X_OK):
			tests.append(path)
		else:
			# Full list or glob, first build up valid list of tests
			matches = glob(path)
			if matches == []:
				raise Exception("Could not find test %s" % unit)

			matches = [exe for exe in matches if os.access(exe, os.X_OK)]

			tests.extend(matches)

	return sorted(tests)

def build_test_list(args):
	'''
		Build list of auto test directories based on passed arguments.
		First check for absolute paths, then look in <iwd>/autotests,
		then glob match.
	'''
	tests = []
	test_root = args.testhome + '/autotests'
	full_list = sorted(os.listdir(test_root))

	# Run all tests
	if not args.auto_tests:
		# --shell with no tests implies 'shell' test
		if args.shell:
			return [test_root + '/shell']

		# Pair down any non-tests and append full path
		tests = [test_root + '/' + t for t in full_list if t.startswith('test')]
	else:
		print("Generating partial test list")
		for t in args.auto_tests.split(','):
			path = '%s/%s' % (test_root, t)
			if t.endswith('+'):
				t = t.split('+')[0]
				i = full_list.index(t)

				tests = [test_root + '/' + x for x in full_list[i:] \
							if x.startswith('test')]
			elif os.path.exists(t):
				if t not in tests:
					tests.append(t)
			elif os.path.exists(path):
				if path not in tests:
					tests.append(path)
			else:
				matches = glob(path)
				if matches == []:
					raise Exception("Could not find test %s" % t)

				tests.extend(list(set(matches) - set(tests)))

	return sorted(tests)

SimpleResult = namedtuple('SimpleResult', 'run failures errors skipped time')

def start_test(ctx, subtests, rqueue):
	'''
		Run an individual test. 'subtests' are parsed prior to calling
		but these effectively make up a single test. 'rqueue' is the
		results queue which is required since this is using
		multiprocessing.
	'''
	run = 0
	errors = 0
	failures = 0
	skipped = 0

	start = time.time()
	#
	# Iterate through each individual python test.
	#
	for s in subtests:
		loader = unittest.TestLoader()
		module = importlib.import_module(os.path.splitext(s)[0])
		subtest = loader.loadTestsFromModule(module)

		# The test suite is being (ab)used to get a bit more granularity
		# with individual tests. The 'normal' way to use unittest is to
		# just create a test suite and run them. The problem here is that
		# test results are queued and printed at the very end so its
		# difficult to know *where* a test failed (python gives a stack
		# trace but printing the exception/failure immediately shows
		# where in the debug logs something failed). Moreso if there are
		# several test functions inside a single python file they run
		# as a single test and it is difficult (again) to know where
		# something failed.

		# Iterating through each python test file
		for test in subtest:
			limit_funcs = []

			if ctx.args.sub_tests:
				for i in ctx.args.sub_tests:
					if len(i.split('.')) == 2:
						limit_funcs.append(i.split('.')[1])

			# Iterating through individual test functions inside a
			# Test() class. Due to the nature of unittest we have
			# to jump through some hoops to set up the test class
			# only once by turning the enumeration into a list, then
			# enumerating (again) to keep track of the index (just
			# enumerating the test class doesn't allow len() because
			# it is not a list).
			tlist = list(enumerate(test))
			for index, t in enumerate(tlist):
				# enumerate is returning a tuple, index 1 is our
				# actual object.
				t = t[1]

				func, file = str(t).split(' ')
				#
				# TODO: There may be a better way of doing this
				# but strigifying the test class gives us a string:
				# <function> (<file>.<class>)
				#
				file = file.strip('()').split('.')[0] + '.py'

				# Create an empty result here in case the test fails
				result = TestResult()

				try:
					skip = len(limit_funcs) > 0 and func not in limit_funcs

					# Set up class only on first test
					if index == 0:
						if not skip:
							dbg("%s\n\t%s RUNNING" % (file, str(func)), end='')
						t.setUpClass()
					else:
						if not skip:
							dbg("\t%s RUNNING" % str(func), end='')

					sys.__stdout__.flush()

					Process.write_separators("\n====== %s:%s ======\n\n" % (file, func))

					if not skip:
						# Run test (setUp/tearDown run automatically)
						result = t()

					# Tear down class only on last test
					if index == len(tlist) - 1:
						t.tearDownClass()

					if skip:
						continue
				except unittest.SkipTest as e:
					result.skipped.append(t)
				except Exception as e:
					dbg('\n%s threw an uncaught exception:' % func)
					traceback.print_exc(file=sys.__stdout__)

				run += result.testsRun
				errors += len(result.errors)
				failures += len(result.failures)
				skipped += len(result.skipped)

				if len(result.skipped) > 0:
					dbg(colored(" SKIPPED", "cyan"))
				elif run == 0 or len(result.errors) > 0 or len(result.failures) > 0:
					dbg(colored(" FAILED", "red"))
					for e in result.errors:
						dbg(e[1])
					for f in result.failures:
						dbg(f[1])
				else:
					dbg(colored(" PASSED", "green"))

		# Prevents future test modules with the same name (e.g.
		# connection_test.py) from being loaded from the cache
		sys.modules.pop(module.__name__)

	#
	# The multiprocessing queue is picky with what objects it will serialize
	# and send between processes. Because of this we put the important bits
	# of the result into our own 'SimpleResult' tuple.
	#
	sresult = SimpleResult(run=run, failures=failures, errors=errors,
				skipped=skipped, time=time.time() - start)
	rqueue.put(sresult)

	# This may not be required since we are manually popping sys.modules
	importlib.invalidate_caches()

def pre_test(ctx, test, copied):
	'''
		Copy test files, start processes, and any other pre test work.
	'''
	os.chdir(test)

	dbg("\nStarting %s" % colored(os.path.basename(test), "white", attrs=['bold']))
	if not os.path.exists(test + '/hw.conf'):
		raise Exception("No hw.conf found for %s" % test)

	ctx.hw_config = ConfigParser()
	ctx.hw_config.read(test + '/hw.conf')
	#
	# We have two types of test files: tests and everything else. Rather
	# than require each test to specify the files needing to be copied to
	# /tmp (previously 'tmpfs_extra_stuff'), we just copy everything which
	# isn't a test. There is really no reason not to do this as any file
	# present in a test directory should be needed by the test.
	#
	# All files
	files = os.listdir(test)
	# Tests (starts or ends with 'test')
	subtests = [f for f in files if f.startswith('test') or \
			os.path.splitext(f)[0].endswith('test')]
	# Everything else (except .py files)
	to_copy = [f for f in list(set(files) - set(subtests)) if not f.endswith('.py')]
	for f in to_copy:
		if os.path.isdir(f):
			shutil.copytree(f, '/tmp/' + f)
		else:
			shutil.copy(f, '/tmp')
		copied.append(f)

	# Prune down any subtests if needed
	if ctx.args.sub_tests:
		ctx.args.sub_tests = ctx.args.sub_tests.split(',')

		to_run = [x.split('.')[0] for x in ctx.args.sub_tests]
		pruned = []

		for s in subtests:
			no_ext = s
			# Handle <file>.<test function> format
			if '.' in s:
				no_ext = s.split('.')[0]

			if no_ext in to_run:
				pruned.append(no_ext + '.py')

		subtests = pruned

	ctx.start_dbus()
	ctx.start_haveged()
	ctx.start_dbus_monitor()
	ctx.start_radios()
	ctx.create_namespaces()
	ctx.start_hostapd()
	ctx.start_wpas_interfaces()
	ctx.start_ofono()

	if ctx.args.log:
		ctx.start_process(['iwmon', '--nowiphy'])
	elif ctx.args.monitor:
		ctx.start_process(['iwmon', '--nowiphy'], outfile=ctx.args.monitor)

	if ctx.hw_config.has_option('SETUP', 'start_iwd'):
		start = ctx.hw_config.getboolean('SETUP', 'start_iwd')
	else:
		start = True

	if start:
		ctx.start_iwd()
	else:
		print("Not starting IWD from test-runner")

	print(ctx)

	sys.path.insert(1, test)

	return sorted(subtests)

def post_test(ctx, to_copy):
	'''
		Remove copied files, and stop test processes.
	'''
	try:
		for f in to_copy:
			if os.path.isdir('/tmp/' + f):
				shutil.rmtree('/tmp/' + f)
			else:
				os.remove('/tmp/' + f)

		Process(['ifconfig', 'lo', 'down']).wait()
	except Exception as e:
		print("Exception thrown in post_test")
	finally:
		ctx.stop_test_processes()

	if ctx.args.valgrind:
		for f in os.listdir('/tmp'):
			if f.startswith("valgrind.log."):
				dbg(f)
				with open('/tmp/' + f, 'r') as v:
					dbg(v.read())
				dbg("\n")
				os.remove('/tmp/' + f)

	# Special case for when logging is enabled
	if os.path.isfile('/tmp/iwd-tls-debug-server-cert.pem'):
		os.remove('/tmp/iwd-tls-debug-server-cert.pem')

	allowed = ['phonesim.conf', 'certs', 'secrets', 'iwd']
	for f in [f for f in os.listdir('/tmp') if f not in allowed]:
		dbg("File %s was not cleaned up!" % f)
		os.remove('/tmp/' + f)

def print_results(results):
	table = PrettyTable(['Test', colored('Passed', 'green'), colored('Failed', 'red'), \
				colored('Skipped', 'cyan'), colored('Time', 'yellow')])

	total_pass = 0
	total_fail = 0
	total_skip = 0
	total_time = 0

	for test, result in results.items():

		if result.time == TEST_MAX_TIMEOUT:
			failed = "Timed out"
			passed = "Timed out"
		elif result.time == 0:
			failed = "Exception"
			passed = "Exception"
		else:
			failed = result.failures + result.errors
			passed = result.run - failed

			total_pass += passed
			total_fail += failed
			total_skip += result.skipped

		total_time += result.time

		time = '%.2f' % result.time

		table.add_row([test, colored(passed, 'green'), colored(failed, 'red'), \
				colored(result.skipped, 'cyan'), colored(time, 'yellow')])

	total_time = '%.2f' % total_time

	table.add_row(['Total', colored(total_pass, 'green'), colored(total_fail, 'red'), \
			colored(total_skip, 'cyan'), colored(total_time, 'yellow')])

	dbg(table)

def run_auto_tests(ctx, args):
	tests = build_test_list(args)

	# Copy autotests/misc/{certs,secrets,phonesim} so any test can refer to them
	shutil.copytree(args.testhome + '/autotests/misc/certs', '/tmp/certs')
	shutil.copytree(args.testhome + '/autotests/misc/secrets', '/tmp/secrets')
	shutil.copy(args.testhome + '/autotests/misc/phonesim/phonesim.conf', '/tmp')

	for test in tests:
		copied = []
		try:
			subtests = pre_test(ctx, test, copied)

			if args.shell:
				#
				# Shell really isn't meant to be used with multiple tests. If
				# a set of tests was passed in just start out in the first.
				#
				os.chdir(tests[0])
				os.environ['DBUS_SYSTEM_BUS_ADDRESS'] = ctx.dbus_address
				os.system('/bin/bash')
				exit()

			if len(subtests) < 1:
				dbg("No tests to run")
				exit()

			rqueue = multiprocessing.Queue()
			p = multiprocessing.Process(target=start_test, args=(ctx, subtests, rqueue))
			p.start()
			# Rather than time each subtest we just time the total but
			# mutiply the default time by the number of tests being run.
			p.join(TEST_MAX_TIMEOUT * len(subtests))

			if p.is_alive():
				# Timeout
				p.terminate()

				ctx.results[os.path.basename(test)] = SimpleResult(run=0,
								failures=0, errors=0,
								skipped=0, time=TEST_MAX_TIMEOUT)
			else:
				ctx.results[os.path.basename(test)] = rqueue.get()

		except Exception as ex:
			dbg("%s threw an uncaught exception" % test)
			traceback.print_exc(file=sys.__stdout__)
			ctx.results[os.path.basename(test)] = SimpleResult(run=0, failures=0,
								errors=0, skipped=0, time=0)
		finally:
			post_test(ctx, copied)

	shutil.rmtree('/tmp/iwd')
	shutil.rmtree('/tmp/certs')
	shutil.rmtree('/tmp/secrets')
	os.remove('/tmp/phonesim.conf')

def run_unit_tests(ctx, args):
	os.chdir(args.testhome + '/unit')
	units = build_unit_list(args)

	for u in units:
		p = ctx.start_process([u]).wait()
		if p.returncode != 0:
			dbg("Unit test %s failed" % os.path.basename(u))
		else:
			dbg("Unit test %s passed" % os.path.basename(u))

def run_tests():
	global config

	with open('/proc/cmdline', 'r') as f:
		cmdline = f.read()

	start = cmdline.find('--testhome')

	options = shlex.split(cmdline[start:])

	parser = argparse.ArgumentParser()
	parser.add_argument('--testhome')
	parser.add_argument('--auto_tests')
	parser.add_argument('--unit_tests')
	parser.add_argument('--verbose', default=[])
	parser.add_argument('--debug')
	parser.add_argument('--path')
	parser.add_argument('--valgrind')
	parser.add_argument('--gdb')
	parser.add_argument('--shell')
	parser.add_argument('--log')
	parser.add_argument('--log-gid')
	parser.add_argument('--log-uid')
	parser.add_argument('--hw')
	parser.add_argument('--monitor')
	parser.add_argument('--sub_tests')

	args = parser.parse_args(options)

	#
	# This prevents any print() calls in this script from printing unless
	# --debug is passed. For an 'always print' option use dbg()
	#
	if not args.debug:
		sys.stdout = open(os.devnull, 'w')

	if args.verbose != []:
		args.verbose = args.verbose.split(',')

	os.environ['PATH'] = '%s/src' % args.testhome
	os.environ['PATH'] += ':%s/tools' % args.testhome
	os.environ['PATH'] += ':%s/client' % args.testhome
	os.environ['PATH'] += ':%s/monitor' % args.testhome
	os.environ['PATH'] += ':%s/wired' % args.testhome
	os.environ['PATH'] += ':' + args.path

	sys.path.append(args.testhome + '/autotests/util')

	#
	# This allows all autotest utils (iwd/hostapd/etc) to access the
	# TestContext. Any other module or script (in the same interpreter) can
	# simply import config.ctx and access all live test information,
	# start/stop processes, see active radios etc.
	#
	config = importlib.import_module('config')
	config.ctx = TestContext(args)

	# Must import these after config so ctx gets set
	config.hwsim = importlib.import_module('hwsim')
	config.hostapd = importlib.import_module('hostapd')

	if args.log:
		mount('logdir', args.log, '9p', 0, 'trans=virtio,version=9p2000.L,msize=10240')
		# Clear out any log files from other test runs
		for f in glob('%s/*' % args.log):
			print("removing %s" % f)

			if os.path.isdir(f):
				shutil.rmtree(f)
			else:
				os.remove(f)

		# Start writing out kernel log
		config.ctx.start_process(["dmesg", '--follow'])
	elif args.monitor:
		parent = os.path.abspath(os.path.join(args.monitor, os.pardir))
		mount('mondir', parent, '9p', 0, 'trans=virtio,version=9p2000.L,msize=10240')

	if config.ctx.args.unit_tests is None:
		run_auto_tests(config.ctx, args)
	else:
		run_unit_tests(config.ctx, args)

class Main:
	def __init__(self):
		self.parser = argparse.ArgumentParser(
				description='IWD Test Runner')

		self.parser.add_argument('--qemu', '-q',
				metavar='<QEMU binary>', type=str,
				help='QEMU binary to use',
				dest='qemu',
				default=None)
		self.parser.add_argument('--kernel', '-k', metavar='<kernel>',
				type=str,
				help='Path to kernel image',
				dest='kernel',
				default=None)
		self.parser.add_argument('--verbose', '-v', metavar='<list>',
				type=str,
				help='Comma separated list of applications',
				dest='verbose',
				default=[])
		self.parser.add_argument('--debug', '-d',
				action='store_true',
				help='Enable test-runner debugging',
				dest='debug')
		self.parser.add_argument('--shell', '-s', action='store_true',
				help='Boot into shell', dest='shell')
		self.parser.add_argument('--log', '-l', type=str,
				help='Directory for log files')
		self.parser.add_argument('--hw', '-w', type=str, nargs=1,
				help='Use physical adapters for tests (passthrough)')
		self.parser.add_argument('--monitor', '-m', type=str,
				help='Enables iwmon output to file')
		self.parser.add_argument('--sub-tests', '-S', metavar='<subtests>',
				type=str, nargs=1, help='List of subtests to run',
				default=None, dest='sub_tests')

		# Prevent --autotest/--unittest from being used together
		auto_unit_group = self.parser.add_mutually_exclusive_group()
		auto_unit_group.add_argument('--auto-tests', '-A',
				metavar='<tests>', type=str, nargs=1,
				help='List of tests to run',
				default=None,
				dest='auto_tests')
		auto_unit_group.add_argument('--unit-tests', '-U',
				metavar='<tests>', type=str, nargs='?',
				const='*',
				help='List of unit tests to run',
				dest='unit_tests')

		# Prevent --valgrind/--gdb from being used together
		valgrind_gdb_group = self.parser.add_mutually_exclusive_group()
		valgrind_gdb_group.add_argument('--gdb', '-g', metavar='<exec>',
				type=str, nargs=1,
				help='Run gdb on specified executable',
				dest='gdb')
		valgrind_gdb_group.add_argument('--valgrind', '-V', action='store_true',
				help='Run valgrind on IWD', dest='valgrind')

		self.args = self.parser.parse_args()

		if self.args.auto_tests:
			self.args.auto_tests = self.args.auto_tests[0].split(',')

		if self.args.sub_tests:
			self.args.sub_tests = self.args.sub_tests[0].split(',')

		if self.args.log and self.args.unit_tests:
			dbg("Cannot use --log with --unit-tests")
			quit()

		if self.args.sub_tests:
			if not self.args.auto_tests:
				dbg("--sub-tests must be used with --auto-tests")
				quit()

			if len(self.args.auto_tests) > 1:
				dbg("--sub-tests must be used with a single auto test")
				quit()

	def start(self):
		usb_adapters = None

		qemu_table = [
			'qemu-system-x86_64',
			'/usr/bin/qemu-system-x86_64'
		]

		kernel_table = [
			'bzImage',
			'arch/x86/boot/bzImage',
			'vmlinux',
			'arch/x86/boot/vmlinux'
		]

		if self.args.qemu is None:
			qemu_binary = find_binary(qemu_table)
			if not qemu_binary:
				print("Could not find qemu binary")
				quit()
		else:
			if path_exists(self.args.qemu):
				qemu_binary = self.args.qemu
			else:
				print("QEMU binary %s does not exist" % \
						self.args.qemu)
				quit()

		if self.args.kernel is None:
			kernel_binary = find_binary(kernel_table)
			if not kernel_binary:
				print("Could not find kernel image")
				quit()
		else:
			if path_exists(self.args.kernel):
				kernel_binary = self.args.kernel
			else:
				print("Kernel image %s does not exist" % \
						self.args.kernel)
				quit()

		if self.args.hw:
			hw_conf = ConfigParser()
			hw_conf.read(self.args.hw)
			# TODO: Parse PCI adapters
			if hw_conf.has_section('USBAdapters'):
				# The actual key name of the adapter
				# doesn't matter since all we need is the
				# bus/address. This gets named by the kernel
				# anyways once in the VM.
				usb_adapters = [v for v in hw_conf['USBAdapters'].values()]

		#
		# Additional arguments not provided to test-runner which are
		# needed once booted into the kernel.
		#
		options = 'init=%s' % os.path.realpath(sys.argv[0])

		# Support running from top level as well as tools
		if os.getcwd().endswith('tools'):
			options += ' --testhome %s/../' % os.getcwd()
		else:
			options += ' --testhome %s' % os.getcwd()

		options += ' --path "%s"' % os.environ['PATH']

		if self.args.auto_tests:
			options += ' --auto_tests %s' % ','.join(self.args.auto_tests)

		if self.args.sub_tests:
			options += ' --sub_tests %s' % ','.join(self.args.sub_tests)

		if self.args.log:
			if os.environ.get('SUDO_GID', None) is None:
				print("--log can only be used as root user")
				quit()

			self.args.log = os.path.abspath(self.args.log)
			uid = int(os.environ['SUDO_UID'])
			gid = int(os.environ['SUDO_GID'])

			if not path_exists(self.args.log):
				os.mkdir(self.args.log)
				os.chown(self.args.log, uid, gid)

			options += ' --log-gid %u' % gid
			options += ' --log-uid %u' % uid

		if self.args.monitor:
			if os.environ.get('SUDO_GID', None) is None:
				print("--monitor can only be used as root user")
				quit()

			self.args.monitor = os.path.abspath(self.args.monitor)
			mon_parent_dir = os.path.abspath(os.path.join(self.args.monitor, os.pardir))

			options += ' --log-gid %u' % int(os.environ['SUDO_GID'])
			options += ' --log-uid %u' % int(os.environ['SUDO_UID'])

		denylist = [
			'auto_tests',
			'sub_tests',
			'qemu',
			'kernel'
		]

		nproc = multiprocessing.cpu_count()

		#
		# Specially handle CPU systems with minimal cores, otherwise
		# use half the host cores.
		#
		if nproc < 2:
			smp = 1
		else:
			smp = int(nproc / 2)

		#
		# Increase RAM if valgrind is being used
		#
		if self.args.valgrind:
			ram = 512
		else:
			ram = 384

		print("Using %d cores, %d RAM for VM" % (smp, ram))

		#
		# This passes through most of the command line options to
		# the kernel command line. Some are not relevant (e.g. qemu)
		# so similar options are added in the denylist above. This excludes
		# any unset options which are assumed to be None or False. This
		# is done so default arguments can be filled once in the VM. If
		# we pass and basic types (None, False etc.) they are turned into
		# a string representation ('None', 'False', etc.) which is not
		# desirable.
		#
		for arg in vars(self.args):
			if arg in denylist or getattr(self.args, arg) in [None, False, []]:
				continue
			options += ' --%s %s' % (arg, str(getattr(self.args, arg)))

		kern_log = "ignore_loglevel" if "kernel" in self.args.verbose else "quiet"

		qemu_cmdline = [
			qemu_binary,
			'-machine', 'type=q35,accel=kvm:tcg',
			'-nodefaults', '-no-user-config', '-monitor', 'none',
			'-display', 'none', '-m', '%dM' % ram, '-nographic', '-vga',
			'none', '-no-acpi', '-no-hpet',
			'-no-reboot', '-fsdev',
			'local,id=fsdev-root,path=/,readonly,security_model=none,multidevs=remap',
			'-device',
			'virtio-9p-pci,fsdev=fsdev-root,mount_tag=/dev/root',
			'-chardev', 'stdio,id=chardev-serial0,signal=off',
			'-device', 'pci-serial,chardev=chardev-serial0',
			'-device', 'virtio-rng-pci',
			'-kernel',
			kernel_binary,
			'-append',
			'console=ttyS0,115200n8 earlyprintk=serial \
				rootfstype=9p root=/dev/root \
				rootflags=trans=virtio,msize=1048576,version=9p2000.u \
				acpi=off pci=noacpi %s ro \
				mac80211_hwsim.radios=0 %s' % (kern_log, options),
			'-smp', str(smp)
		]

		# Add two ethernet devices for testing EAD
		qemu_cmdline.extend([
				'-net', 'nic,model=virtio',
				'-net', 'nic,model=virtio',
				'-net', 'user'
		])

		if usb_adapters:
			for bus, addr in [s.split(',') for s in usb_adapters]:
				qemu_cmdline.extend(['-usb',
							'-device',
							'usb-host,hostbus=%s,hostaddr=%s' % \
							(bus, addr)])
		if self.args.log:
			#
			# Creates a virtfs device that can be mounted. This mount
			# will point back to the provided log directory and is
			# writable unlike the rest of the mounted file system.
			#
			qemu_cmdline.extend([
				'-virtfs',
				'local,path=%s,mount_tag=logdir,security_model=passthrough,id=logdir' \
						% self.args.log
			])

		if self.args.monitor:
			qemu_cmdline.extend([
				'-virtfs',
				'local,path=%s,mount_tag=mondir,security_model=passthrough,id=mondir' \
						% mon_parent_dir
			])

		os.execlp(qemu_cmdline[0], *qemu_cmdline)

if __name__ == '__main__':
	if os.getpid() == 1 and os.getppid() == 0:
		atexit.register(exit_vm)
		prepare_sandbox()
		run_tests()

		exit()

	main = Main()
	main.start()