==1628== Invalid read of size 1
==1628== at 0x405E71: hardware_rekey_cb (netdev.c:1381)
==1628== by 0x444E5B: process_unicast (genl.c:415)
==1628== by 0x444E5B: received_data (genl.c:534)
==1628== by 0x442032: io_callback (io.c:126)
==1628== by 0x4414CD: l_main_iterate (main.c:387)
==1628== by 0x44158B: l_main_run (main.c:434)
==1628== by 0x403775: main (main.c:489)
==1628== Address 0x5475208 is 312 bytes inside a block of size 320 free'd
==1628== at 0x4C2ED18: free (vg_replace_malloc.c:530)
==1628== by 0x43D94D: l_queue_clear (queue.c:107)
==1628== by 0x43D998: l_queue_destroy (queue.c:82)
==1628== by 0x40B431: netdev_shutdown (netdev.c:4765)
==1628== by 0x403B17: iwd_shutdown (main.c:81)
==1628== by 0x4419D2: signal_callback (signal.c:82)
==1628== by 0x4414CD: l_main_iterate (main.c:387)
==1628== by 0x44158B: l_main_run (main.c:434)
==1628== by 0x403775: main (main.c:489)
==1628== Block was alloc'd at
==1628== at 0x4C2DB6B: malloc (vg_replace_malloc.c:299)
==1628== by 0x43CA4D: l_malloc (util.c:62)
==1628== by 0x40A853: netdev_create_from_genl (netdev.c:4517)
==1628== by 0x444E5B: process_unicast (genl.c:415)
==1628== by 0x444E5B: received_data (genl.c:534)
==1628== by 0x442032: io_callback (io.c:126)
==1628== by 0x4414CD: l_main_iterate (main.c:387)
==1628== by 0x44158B: l_main_run (main.c:434)
==1628== by 0x403775: main (main.c:489)
Adhoc requires 2 GTK's to be set, a single TX GTK and a per-mac RX GTK.
The per-mac RX GTK already gets set via netdev_set_gtk. The single TX GTK
is created the same as AP, where, upon the first station connecting a GTK
is generated and set in the kernel. Then any subsequent stations use
GET_KEY to retrieve the GTK and set it in the handshake.
AdHoc will also need the same functionality to verify and parse the
key sequence from GET_KEY. This block of code was moved from AP's
GET_KEY callback into nl80211_parse_get_key_seq.
Netdev/AP share several NL80211 commands and each has their own
builder API's. These were moved into a common file nl80211_util.[ch].
A helper was added to AP for building NEW_STATION to make the associate
callback look cleaner (rather than manually building NEW_STATION).
Check that netdev->device is not NULL before doing device_remove()
(which would crash) and emitting NETDEV_WATCH_EVENT_DEL. It may be
NULL if the initial RTM_SETLINK has failed to bring device UP.
If there are Ad-hoc BSSes they should be present in the scan results
together with regular APs as far as scan.c is concerned. But in
station mode we can't connect to them -- the Connect method will fail and
autoconnect would fail. Since we have no property to indicate a
network is an IBSS just filter these results out for now. There are
perhaps better solutions but the benefit is very low.
This is a replacement for station's static select_akm_suite. This was
done because wiphy can make a much more intellegent decision about the
akm suite by checking the wiphy supported features e.g. SAE support.
This allows a connection to hybrid WPA2/WPA3 AP's if SAE is not
supported in the kernel.
Set a default GTK cipher type same as our current PTK type, generate a
random GTK when the first STA connects and set it up in the kernel, then
pass the values that EAPoL is going to need to the handshake_state.
In netdev_set_powered also check that no NL80211_CMD_SET_INTERFACE is in
progress because once it returned we would overwrite
netdev->set_powered_cmd_id (could also add a check there but it seems
more logical to just disallow Powered property changes while Mode is
being changed, since we also disallow Mode changes while Powered is
being changed.)
Since device object no longer creates / destroys station objects, use
station_find inside ap directed roam events to direct these to the
station interface.
Add places to store the GTK data, index and RSC in struct
handshake_state and add a setter function for these fields. We may want
to also convert install_gtk to use these fields similar to install_ptk.
As a consequence of the previous commit, netdev watches are always
called when the device object is valid. As a result, we can drop the
netdev_get_device calls and checks from individual AP/AdHoc/Station/WSC
netdev watches
Instead of creating the Station interface in device.c create it directly
on the netdev watch event the same way that the AP and AdHoc interfaces
are created and freed. This fixes some minor incosistencies, for
example station_free was previously called twice, once from device.c and
once from the netdev watch.
device.c would previously keep the pointer returned by station_create()
but that pointer was not actually useful so remove it. Autotests still
seem to pass.
Call netdev_disconnect() to make netdev forget any of station.c's
callbacks for connections or transitions in progress or established.
Otherwise station.c will crash as soon as we're connected and try to
change interface mode:
==17601== Invalid read of size 8
==17601== at 0x11DFA0: station_disconnect_event (station.c:775)
==17601== by 0x11DFA0: station_netdev_event (station.c:1570)
==17601== by 0x115D18: netdev_disconnect_event (netdev.c:868)
==17601== by 0x115D18: netdev_mlme_notify (netdev.c:3403)
==17601== by 0x14E287: l_queue_foreach (queue.c:441)
==17601== by 0x1558B4: process_multicast (genl.c:469)
==17601== by 0x1558B4: received_data (genl.c:532)
==17601== by 0x152888: io_callback (io.c:123)
==17601== by 0x151BCD: l_main_iterate (main.c:376)
==17601== by 0x151C9B: l_main_run (main.c:423)
==17601== by 0x10FE20: main (main.c:489)
Since the interfaces are not supposed to exist when the device is DOWN
(we destroy the interfaces on NETDEV_WATCH_EVENT_DOWN too), don't
create the interfaces if the device hasn't been brought up yet.
When we detect a new device we either bring it down and then up or only
up. The IFF_UP flag in netdev->ifi_flags is updated before that, then
we send the two rtnl commands and then fire the NETDEV_WATCH_EVENT_NEW
event if either the bring up succeeded or -ERFKILL was returned, so the
device may either be UP or DOWN at that point.
It seems that a RTNL NEWLINK notification is usually received before
the RTNL command callback but I don't think this is guaranteed so update
the IFF_UP flag in the callbacks so that the NETDEV_WATCH_EVENT_NEW
handlers can reliably use netdev_get_is_up()
The NL80211_ATTR_KEY_DEFAULT_TYPES attribute is only parsed by the
kernel if either NL80211_ATTR_KEY_DEFAULT or
NL80211_ATTR_KEY_DEFAULT_MGMT are also present, however these are only
used with NL80211_CMD_SET_KEY and ignored for NEW_KEY. As far as I
understand the default key concept only makes sense for a Tx key because
on Rx all keys can be tried, so we don't need this for client mode. The
kernel decides whether the NEW_KEY is for unicast or multicast based on
whether NL80211_ATTR_KEY_MAC was supplied.
device password was read from settings using l_settings_get_string which
returns a newly-allocated string due to un-escape semantics. However,
when assigning wsc->device_password, we strdup-ed the password again
unnecessarily.
==1069== 14 bytes in 2 blocks are definitely lost in loss record 1 of 1
==1069== at 0x4C2AF0F: malloc (vg_replace_malloc.c:299)
==1069== by 0x16696A: l_malloc (util.c:62)
==1069== by 0x16B14B: unescape_value (settings.c:108)
==1069== by 0x16D12C: l_settings_get_string (settings.c:971)
==1069== by 0x149680: eap_wsc_load_settings (eap-wsc.c:1270)
==1069== by 0x146113: eap_load_settings (eap.c:556)
==1069== by 0x12E079: eapol_start (eapol.c:2022)
==1069== by 0x1143A5: netdev_connect_event (netdev.c:1728)
==1069== by 0x118751: netdev_mlme_notify (netdev.c:3406)
==1069== by 0x1734F1: notify_handler (genl.c:454)
==1069== by 0x168987: l_queue_foreach (queue.c:441)
==1069== by 0x173561: process_multicast (genl.c:469)
wsc_pin_is_valid allows two types of PINs through:
1. 4 digit numeric PIN
2. 8 digit numeric PIN
The current code always calls wsc_pin_is_checksum_valid to determine
whether a DEFAULT or USER_SPECIFIED PIN is used. However, this function
is not safe to call on 4 digit PINs and causes a buffer overflow.
Add simple checks to treat 4 digit PINs as DEFAULT PINs and do not call
wsc_pin_is_checksum_valid on these.
Reported-By: Matthias Gerstner <matthias.gerstner@suse.de>
EAP-WSC handles 4 digit, 8 digit and out-of-band Device passwords. The
latter in particular can be anything, so drop the mandatory minimum
password length check here.
This also has the effect of enabling 4-digit PINs to actually work as
they are intended.
The struct allows to support multiple types of the tunneled methods.
Previously, EAP-TTLS was supporting only the eap based ones.
This patch is also starts to move some of the phase 2 EAP
functionality into the new structure.
Boiled down, FT over SAE is no different than FT over PSK, apart from
the different AKM suite. The bulk of this change fixes the current
netdev/station logic related to SAE by rebuilding the RSNE and adding
the MDE if present in the handshake to match what the PSK logic does.
A common function was introduced into station which will rebuild the
handshake rsne's for a target network. This is used for both new
network connections as well as fast transitions.
To prepare for FT over SAE, several case/if statements needed to include
IE_RSN_AKM_SUITE_FT_OVER_SAE. Also a new macro was introduced to remove
duplicate if statement code checking for both FT_OVER_SAE and SAE AKM's.
All the watchlist notify macros were broken in that they did not check
that the watchlist item was still valid before calling it. This only
came into play when a watchlist was being notified and one of the notify
functions removed an item from the same watchlist. It appears this was
already thought of since watchlist_remove checks 'in_notify' and will
mark the item's id as stale (0), but that id never got checked in the
notify macros.
This fixes testAdHoc valgrind warning:
==3347== Invalid read of size 4
==3347== at 0x416612: eapol_rx_auth_packet (eapol.c:1871)
==3347== by 0x416DD4: __eapol_rx_packet (eapol.c:2334)
==3347== by 0x40725B: netdev_pae_read (netdev.c:3515)
==3347== by 0x440958: io_callback (io.c:123)
==3347== by 0x43FDED: l_main_iterate (main.c:376)
==3347== by 0x43FEAB: l_main_run (main.c:423)
==3347== by 0x40377A: main (main.c:489)
...
In the case of the open networks with hidden SSIDs
the settings object is already created.
Valgrind:
==4084== at 0x4C2EB6B: malloc (vg_replace_malloc.c:299)
==4084== by 0x43B44D: l_malloc (util.c:62)
==4084== by 0x43E3FA: l_settings_new (settings.c:83)
==4084== by 0x41D101: network_connect_new_hidden_network (network.c:1053)
==4084== by 0x4105B7: station_hidden_network_scan_results (station.c:1733)
==4084== by 0x419817: scan_finished (scan.c:1165)
==4084== by 0x419CAA: get_scan_done (scan.c:1191)
==4084== by 0x443562: destroy_request (genl.c:139)
==4084== by 0x4437F7: process_unicast (genl.c:424)
==4084== by 0x4437F7: received_data (genl.c:534)
==4084== by 0x440958: io_callback (io.c:123)
==4084== by 0x43FDED: l_main_iterate (main.c:376)
==4084== by 0x43FEAB: l_main_run (main.c:423)
Some of the PEAP server implementations set the L flag along with
redundant TLS Message Length field for the un-fragmented packets.
This patch allows to identify and handle such occasions.
EAP Extensions type 33 is used in PEAPv0 as a termination
mechanism for the tunneled EAP methods. In PEAPv1
the regular EAP-Success/Failure packets must be used to terminate
the method. Some of the server implementations of PEAPv1
rely on EAP Extensions method to terminate the conversation
instead of the required Success/Failure packets. This patch
makes iwd interoperable with such devices.
The "H" function used by SAE and EAP-PWD was effectively the same
function, EAP-PWD just used a zero key for its calls. This removes
the duplicate implementations and merges them into crypto.c as
"hkdf_256".
Since EAP-PWD always uses a zero'ed key, passing in a NULL key to
hkdf_256 will actually use a 32 byte zero'ed array as the key. This
avoids the need for EAP-PWD to store or create a zero'ed key for
every call.
Both the original "H" functions never called va_end, so that was
added to hkdf_256.
The ifindex as reported by netdev is unsigned, so make sure that it is
printed as such. It is astronomically unlikely that this causes any
actual issues, but lets be paranoid.
Move the roam initiation (signal loss, ap directed roaming) and scanning
details into station from device. Certain device functions have been
exposed temporarily to make this possible.
process_bss performs two main operations. It adds a seen BSS to a
network object (existing or new) and if the device is in the autoconnect
state, it adds an autoconnect entry as needed. Split this operation
into two separate & independent steps.
To avoid confusion in case of an authenticator side handshake_state
structure and eapol_sm structure, rename own_ie to supplicant_ie and
ap_ie to authenticator_ie. Also rename
handshake_state_set_{own,ap}_{rsn,wpa} and fix when we call
handshake_state_setup_own_ciphers. As a result
handshake_state_set_authenticator, if needed, should be called before
handshake_state_set_{own,ap}_{rsn,wpa}.
After EAPOL logic was moved to eapol.c a check was added to
ap_associate_sta_cb to bitwise compare the AP's RSNE to the RSNE
received in the (Re)Association frame. There is as far as I know no
reason for them to be the same (although they are in our autotest) and
if there was a reason we'd rather validate the (Re)Association RSNE
immediately when received. We also must set different RSNEs as the
"own" (supplicant) and "ap" RSNEs in the handshake_state for validation
of step 2/4 in eapol.c (fixes wpa_supplicant's and MS Windows
connections being rejected)
Make sure we interrupt eapol traffic (4-way handshake) if we receive a
Disassociation from station. Actually do this in ap_del_station because
it's called from both ap_disassoc_cb and ap_success_assoc_resp_cb and
seems to make sense in both cases.
On one hand when we're called with HANDSHAKE_EVENT_FAILED or
HANDSHAKE_EVENT_SETTING_KEYS_FAILED the eapol_sm will be freed in
eapol.c, fix a double-free by setting it to NULL before ap_free_sta
is called.
On the other hand make sure we call eapol_sm_free before setting
sta->sm to NULL in ap_drop_rsna to avoid potential leak and avoid
the eapol_sm continuing to use the handshake_state we freed.
timespec_compare wanted to receive network_info structures as arguments
to compare connected_time timestamps but in one instance we were passing
actual timespec structures. Add a new function to compare plain timespec
values and switch the names for readability.
==7330== 112 bytes in 1 blocks are still reachable in loss record 1 of 1
==7330== at 0x4C2CF8F: malloc (in /usr/lib64/valgrind/vgpreload_memcheck-amd64-linux.so)
==7330== by 0x14CF7D: l_malloc (util.c:62)
==7330== by 0x152A25: l_io_new (io.c:172)
==7330== by 0x16B217: l_fswatch_init (fswatch.c:171)
==7330== by 0x16B217: l_fswatch_new (fswatch.c:198)
==7330== by 0x13B9D9: known_networks_init (knownnetworks.c:401)
==7330== by 0x110020: main (main.c:439)
There was somewhat overlapping functionality in the device_watch
infrastructure as well as the netdev_event_watch. This commit combines
the two into a single watch based on the netdev object and cleans up the
various interface additions / removals.
With this commit the interfaces are created when the netdev/device is
switched to Powered=True state AND when the netdev iftype is also in the
correct state for that interface. If the device is brought down, then
all interfaces except the .Device interface are removed.
This will make it easy to implement Device.Mode property properly since
most nl80211 devices need to be brought into Powered=False state prior
to switching the iftype.
The way that netdev_set_linkmode_and_operstate was used resulted in
potential crashes when the netdev was destroyed. This is because netdev
was given as data to l_netlink_send and could be destroyed between the
time of the call and the callback. Since the result of calls to
netdev_set_linkmode_and_operstate is inconsequential, it isn't really
worthwhile tracking these calls in order to cancel them.
This patch simplies the handling of these rtnl calls, makes sure that
netdev isn't passed as user data and rewrites the
netdev_set_linkmode_and_operstate signature to be more consistent with
rtnl_set_powered.
Since all netdevs share the rtnl l_netlink object, it was possible for
netdevs to be destroyed with outstanding commands still executing on the
rtnl object. This can lead to crashes and other nasty situations.
This patch makes sure that Powered requests are always tracked via
set_powered_cmd_id and the request is canceled when netdev is destroyed.
This also implies that netdev_set_powered can now return an -EBUSY error
in case a request is already outstanding.
SAE is meant to work in a peer-to-peer fashion where neither side acts
as a dedicated authenticator or supplicant. This was not the case with
the current code. The handshake state authenticator address was hard
coded as the destination address for all packets, which will not work
when mesh comes into play. This also made unit testing the full SAE
procedure with two sae_sm's impossible.
This patch adds a peer address element to sae_sm which is filled with
either aa/spa based on the value of handshake->authenticator
This removes the authenticator bit in eapol_sm as well as unifies
eapol_register_authenticator and eapol_register. Taking advantage
of the handshake state authenticator bit we no longer have a need
for 2 separate register functions.
ap, and adhoc were also updated to set the authenticator bit in
the handshake and only use eapol_register to register their sm's.
netdev was updated to use the authenticator bit when choosing the
correct key address for adhoc.
Both SAE and adhoc can benefit from knowing whether the handshake state
is an authenticator or a supplicant. It will allow both to easily
obtain the remote address rather than sorting out if aa/spa match the
devices own address.
The send confirm counter is incremented before calling sae_send_confirm
in all cases, but the function itself was also incrementing sc after
sending the packet. This isn't critical to the successful execution of
SAE as the AP just uses the sc value in the packet but it did violate
the 802.11 spec.
In order to plug SAE into the existing connect mechanism the actual
CMD_CONNECT message is never sent, rather sae_register takes care
of sending out CMD_AUTHENTICATE. This required some shuffling of
code in order to handle both eapol and sae. In the case of non-SAE
authentication everything behaves as it did before. When using SAE
an sae_sm is created when a connection is attempted but the eapol_sm
is not. After SAE succeeds it will start association and then create
the eapol_sm and start the 4-way handshake.
This change also adds the handshake SAE events to device and
initializes SAE in main.
SAE (Simultaneous Authentication of Equals) takes place during
authentication, and followed by EAPoL/4-way handshake. This
module handles the entire SAE commit/confirm exchange. This was
done similar to eapol.
SAE begins when sae_register is called. At this point a commit
message will be created and sent out which kicks off the SAE
authentication procedure.
The commit/confirm exchange is very similar to EAP-PWD, so all
the ecc utility functions could be re-used as-is. A few new ecc
utility functions were added to conform to the 80211 'blinding'
technique for computing the password element.
For an SAE network, the raw passphrase is required. For this reason,
known network psk files should now always contain a 'Passphrase' entry.
If a psk file is found without a Passphrase entry the agent will be asked
for the Passphrase before connecting. This will update the legacy psk
file with the Passphrase entry.
Due to the quirk in how storage_network_sync implements file writing,
iwd was generating unnecessary KnownNetwork removal events (and
preventing certain test cases from passing successfully)
storage_network_sync tries to perform atomic writes by writing to a
temporary storage location first, unlinking the existing file and
renaming the tmp file as the original.
This generates a set of inotify events which confuses the current
implementation.
The previous change did not consider the case of the PSK being written
for the very first time. In this case storage_network_open would return
NULL and an empty file would be written.
Change this so that if storage_network_open fails, then the current
network settings are written to disk and not a temporary.
Reload the network settings from disk before calling
storage_network_sync in network_sync_psk to avoid potentially
overwriting changes made to the storage by user since the connection
attempt started. This won't account for all situations but it
covers some of them and doesn't cost us much.
Our logic would set CONTROL_PORT_OVER_NL80211 even in cases where
CONTROL_PORT wasn't used (e.g. for open networks). While the kernel
ignored this attribute in this case, it is nicer to set this only if
CONTROL_PORT is intended to be used.
SAE will require some of the same CMD_ASSOCIATE building code that
FT currently uses. This breaks out the common code from FT into
netdev_build_cmd_associate_common.
This also required passing in the akm suite in case the key description
version was zero. In the zero case the akm must be checked. For now this
only supports the SAE akm.
Update the known networks list and network properties on file creations,
removals and modifications. We watch for these filesystem events using
ell's fswatch and react accordingly.
This makes testEAP-PEAP-GTC pass for me by re-adding the check for the
GTC-Secret setting which was replaced with the check for the secrets
list in 3d2285ec7e.
eap_append_secret now takes a new cache_policy parameter which can be
used by the EAP method to signal that the value received from the agent
is to never be cached, i.e. each value can only be used once. The
parameter value should be EAP_CACHE_NEVER for this and we use this in
value EAP-GTC where the secret tokens are one time use. The
EAP_CACHE_TEMPORARY value is used in other methods, it preserves the
default behaviour where a secret can be cached for as long as the
network stays in range (this is the current implementation more than a
design choice I believe, I didn't go for a more specific enum name as
this may still change I suppose).
SAE generates the PMKID during the authentication process, rather than
generating it on-the-fly using the PMK. For this reason SAE needs to be
able to set the PMKID once its generated. A new flag was also added
(has_pmkid) which signifies if the PMKID was set or if it should be
generated.
SAE needs access to the raw passphrase, not the PSK which network
saves. This changes saves the passphrase in network and handshake
objects, as well as adds getters to both objects so SAE can retrieve
the passphrase.
This fixes improper cleanup when ofono leaves the bus after a simauth
instance has been cleaned up. The problem was that the plugin
exit was being called after the simauth module, causing there to
be stale simauth instances that were no longer valid. Now plugins
cleanup before simauth.
This fix fixes the print seen when iwd exits:
"Auth provider queue was not empty on exit!"
Make the network_storage_* functions uniformly accept an enum value
instead of a string so that he conversion to string doesn't need to
happen in all callers.
Now, EAP-GTC behaves similar to MSCHAPv2 where check_settings allows
for missing EAP-Identity and GTC-Secret fields. Either or both can be
missing and the agent will request the missing fields.
Add ObjectManager objects with properties for each Known Network so that
signals are emitted for creation or removal of a Known Network and a
Property Changed is emitted on LastConnectedTime change. Remove the
ListKnownNetworks method from the old KnownNetworks interface.
Note this breaks clients that used the known networks interface.
Drop the corresponding network_info field, function and D-Bus property.
The last seen times didn't seem useful but if a client needs them it can
probably implement the same logic with the information already available
through DBus.
If the sm object (or the handshake object) is NULL, don't call the
corresponding function.
0 0x7fb6cd37da80 in /lib64/libc.so.6
1 0x414764 in eapol_sm_destroy() at eapol.c:673
2 0x42e402 in ap_sta_free() at ap.c:97
3 0x439dbe in l_queue_clear() at /home/parallels/wrk/iwd/ell/queue.c:109
4 0x439e09 in l_queue_destroy() at /home/parallels/wrk/iwd/ell/queue.c:83
5 0x42e4bf in ap_reset() at ap.c:132
6 0x42e519 in ap_free() at ap.c:147
7 0x447456 in interface_instance_free() at /home/parallels/wrk/iwd/ell/dbus-service.c:513
8 0x449be0 in _dbus_object_tree_remove_interface() at /home/parallels/wrk/iwd/ell/dbus-service.c:1595
9 0x449ced in _dbus_object_tree_object_destroy() at /home/parallels/wrk/iwd/ell/dbus-service.c:787
10 0x40fb8c in device_free() at device.c:2717
11 0x405cdb in netdev_free() at netdev.c:605
12 0x439dbe in l_queue_clear() at /home/parallels/wrk/iwd/ell/queue.c:109
13 0x439e09 in l_queue_destroy() at /home/parallels/wrk/iwd/ell/queue.c:83
14 0x40aac2 in netdev_shutdown() at netdev.c:4483
15 0x403b75 in iwd_shutdown() at main.c:80
16 0x43d9f3 in signal_callback() at /home/parallels/wrk/iwd/ell/signal.c:83
17 0x43d4ee in l_main_iterate() at /home/parallels/wrk/iwd/ell/main.c:376
18 0x43d5ac in l_main_run() at /home/parallels/wrk/iwd/ell/main.c:419
19 0x40379b in main() at main.c:454
20 0x7fb6cd36788a in /lib64/libc.so.6
Until now network.c managed the list of network_info structs including
for known networks and networks that are seen in at least one device's
scan results, with the is_known flag to distinguish known networks.
Each time the list was processed though the code was either interested
in one subset of networks or the other. Split the list into a Known
Networks list and the list of other networks seen in scans. Move all
code related to Known Networks to knownnetworks.c, this simplifies
network.h. It also gets rid of network_info_get_known which actually
returned the list of all network_infos (not just for known networks),
which logically should have been private to network.c. Update device.c
and scan.c to use functions specific to Known Networks instead of
filtering the lists by the is_known flag.
This will also allow knownnetworks.c to export DBus objects and/or
properties for the Known Networks information because it now knows when
Known Networks are added, removed or modified by IWD.
The return value from network_connected is not checked and even if one
of the storage operations fails the function should probably continue
so only print a message on error.
If the device mode it toggled from 'ap' back to 'station' without actually
starting the access point ap_free attempts to zero out the psk, which
causes a crash because it had never been allocated (Start() never was
called). Since ap->psk is actually never used this was removed. Also added
a memset to zero out the pmk on cleanup.
This is the crash observed:
++++++++ backtrace ++++++++
0 0x7f6ffe978a80 in /lib64/libc.so.6
1 0x7f6ffe9d6766 in /lib64/libc.so.6
2 0x42dd51 in memset() at /usr/include/bits/string3.h:90
3 0x42ddd9 in ap_free() at src/ap.c:144
4 0x445ec6 in interface_instance_free() at ell/dbus-service.c:513
5 0x448650 in _dbus_object_tree_remove_interface() at ell/dbus-service.c:1595
6 0x40d980 in device_set_mode_sta() at src/device.c:2113
7 0x447d4c in properties_set() at ell/dbus-service.c:1861
8 0x448a33 in _dbus_object_tree_dispatch() at ell/dbus-service.c:1691
9 0x442587 in message_read_handler() at ell/dbus.c:285
10 0x43cac9 in io_callback() at ell/io.c:123
11 0x43bf5e in l_main_iterate() at ell/main.c:376
12 0x43c01c in l_main_run() at ell/main.c:419
13 0x40379d in main() at src/main.c:460
14 0x7f6ffe96288a in /lib64/libc.so.6
+++++++++++++++++++++++++++
- wsc module does not need nl80211 any longer, so remove it.
- Move wsc_init & wsc_exit declarations to iwd.h and remove wsc.h
- re-arrange how wsc_init & wsc_exit is called inside main.c.
The plugin_exit was in the wrong place, it should be triggered in case
genl creation fails. Also adhoc_exit was in the wrong sequence compared
to _init()
Rather than have device.c manage the creation/removal of
AP/AdHoc interfaces this new event was introduced. Now
anyone can listen for device events and if the mode changes
handle accordingly. This fixes potential memory leaks
in WSC when switching modes as well.
These will issue a JOIN/LEAVE_IBSS to the kernel. There is
a TODO regarding network configuration. For now, only the
SSID is configurable. This configuration is also required
for AP, but needs to be thought out. Since the current
AP Dbus API has nothing related to configuration items
such as freq/channel or RSN elements they are hard coded,
and will be for Ad-Hoc as well (for now).
Now that the device mode can be changed, netdev must check that
the iftype is correct before starting a connection or disconnecting.
netdev_connect, netdev_connect_wsc, and netdev_disconnect now check
that the iftype is station before continuing.
With the introduction of Ad-Hoc, its not as simple as choosing
aa/spa addresses when setting the keys. Since Ad-Hoc acts as
both the authenticator and supplicant we must check how the netdev
address relates to the particular handshake object as well as
choose the correct key depending on the value of the AA/SPA address.
802.11 states that the higher of the two addresses is to be used
to set the key for the Ad-Hoc connection.
A simple helper was added to choose the correct addressed based on
netdev type and handshake state. netdev_set_tk also checks that
aa > spa in the handshake object when in Ad-Hoc mode. If this is
true then the keys from that handshake are used, otherwise return
and the other handshake key will be used (aa will be > spa).
The station/ap mode behaves exactly the same as before.
For Ad-Hoc networks, the kernel takes care of auth/assoc
and issues a NEW_STATION event when that is complete. This
provides a way to notify when NEW_STATION events occur as
well as forward the MAC of the station to Ad-Hoc.
The two new API's added:
- netdev_station_watch_add()
- netdev_station_watch_remove()
When the EAPOL-Key data field is encrypted using AES Wrap, check
that the data field is large enough before calculating the expected
plaintext length.
Previously, if the encrypted data field was smaller than 8 bytes, an
integer underflow would occur when calculating the expected plaintext
data length. This would cause iwd to try to allocate a huge amount of
memory, which causes it to abort and terminate. If the data field was
equal to 8 bytes, iwd would try to allocate 0 bytes of memory, making
l_new return NULL, which subsequently causes iwd to crash on a NULL
pointer deference.
Reported-by: Mathy Vanhoef <Mathy.Vanhoef@cs.kuleuven.be>
triggered flag was being reset to false in all cases. However, due to
how scan_finished logic works, it should have remained true if no more
commands were left to be sent (e.g. the scan was finished).
Having hidden SSIDs or SSIDs with non-UTF8 characters around make iwd
flood the logs with messages. Make iwd less verbose and show these
messages with enabled debug output only.
In addition, the periodic scan can now alternate between the
active or passive modes. The active mode is enabled by existence of
the known hidden networks and observation of them in the
previous scan result.
To support an auto-connect for the hidden networks and having
a limited number of SSIDs that can be appended into a probe
request, introduced a concept of a command batch. Now, scan request
may consist of a series of commands. The commands in the batch
are triggered sequentially. Once we are notified about the
results from a previous command, a consequent command in the
batch is triggered. The collective results are reported once
the batch is complete. On a command failure, the batch
processing is canceled and scan request is removed
Rework the logic slightly to simplify the need for error labels. Also
the connect_pending variable might not have been properly reset to NULL
in case of error, so make sure we reset it prior to calling into
network_connect_new_hidden_network
1) Change signature of process_bss to return a confirmation
that bss has been added to a network otherwise we can
discard it.
2) Implements logic for the discovery and connection to
a hidden network.
This removes the need for duplicate code in AP/netdev for issuing
a DEL_STATION command. Now AP can issue a DEL_STATION with
netdev_del_station, and specify to either disassociate or deauth
depending on state.
If netdev fails to set the keys, there was no way for device/ap to
know. A new handshake event was added for this. The key setting
failure function was also fixed to support both AP/station iftypes.
It will now automatically send either a disconnect or del_station
depending on the interface type.
In similar manner, netdev_handshake_failed was also modified to
support both AP/station iftypes. Now, any handshake event listeners
should call netdev_handshake_failed upon a handshake failure
event, including AP.
If device is already disconnected or in autoconnect mode, don't return
an error if .Disconnect is called. Instead simply silently return
success after disabling autoconnect.
==1058== 231 (32 direct, 199 indirect) bytes in 1 blocks are definitely lost in loss record 10 of 10
==1058== at 0x4C2DB8F: malloc (in /usr/lib/valgrind/vgpreload_memcheck-amd64-linux.so)
==1058== by 0x452472: l_malloc (util.c:62)
==1058== by 0x456324: l_settings_new (settings.c:83)
==1058== by 0x427D45: storage_network_open (storage.c:262)
==1058== by 0x42806C: network_settings_load (network.c:75)
==1058== by 0x428C2F: network_autoconnect (network.c:490)
==1058== by 0x4104E9: device_autoconnect_next (device.c:194)
==1058== by 0x410E38: device_set_scan_results (device.c:393)
==1058== by 0x410EFA: new_scan_results (device.c:414)
==1058== by 0x424A6D: scan_finished (scan.c:1012)
==1058== by 0x424B88: get_scan_done (scan.c:1038)
==1058== by 0x45DC67: destroy_request (genl.c:134)
This is a fixup for the AP code merge. wsc.c never registered
for handshake events, so in case of failure it was never calling
netdev_handshake_failed, which caused a double free.
Many APs don't send properly zerod key_iv elements in EAPoL-Key frames.
In the past iwd has complained, but this broken behavior is so
prevalent, that it is likely a lost cause.
This patch takes out these warnings
Right now iwd uses Control Port over NL80211 feature if the kernel /
driver supports it. On some kernels this feature is still buggy, so add
an iwd.conf entry to allow the user to override id.
For now the default is to disable this feature until it is more stable.
Now, a user can setup an AP as follows:
- Set device "Mode" to ap (ap interface will appear on bus)
- call "Start()" on AP interface
Issuing "Stop()" on the AP interface will stop and cleanup
the internal AP structures, but the AP interface will remain
up. To shutdown completely the device Mode must be switched
back to station. If the AP interface is running, the Mode can
directly be switched to station without calling Stop; this
has the same effect and will take down the AP interface.
Some of the PEAP server implementation brake the protocol
and don’t set the M flag for the first packet during the
fragmented transmission. To stay compatible with such
devices, we relax this requirement in iwd.
This patch allows alternating between the passive and active
scans taking into consideration an existence of the known
hidden networks and previous observation of them in the scan
results, as well as an ability to randomize the MAC address.
The state of scan is split between the two variables sc->state
and sc->start_cmd_id. Not checking start_cmd_id used to cause
sending a scan request while periodic scan was just triggered
resulting in EBUSY.
Instead of manually sending a deauth/disassociate to a station
during an error or removal, the kernel can do it automatically
with DEL_STATION by including the MGMT_SUBTYPE attribute. This
removes the need for ap_error_deauth_sta and introduces
ap_deauthenticate_sta. Now AP can be explicit when it chooses
to deauth or disassociate.
All handshake packet handling has been removed from ap and
moved to eapol. After association, the AP registers a new
authenticator state machine which handles the AP side of
the handshake. AP will receive a handshake event once the
4-way handshake is complete.
Includes:
- support for handling ptk 2/4 and 4/4. Also sending 1/4 and 3/4.
- new API to register an authenticator SM. This automatically
sends 1/4 to kick off authentication with an sta.
These checks allow both a station and authenticator to use
the same netdev key install functions. For NEW_KEY and
SET_STATION, the iftype is checked and either handshake->aa
or ->spa is used as the station address for the KEY/STATION
commands. Also, in the failure cases, a disconnect command
is issued only if the iftype is station as this doesn't
apply to AP.
Handshake related netdev events were removed in favor of
handshake events. Now events will be emitted on the handshake
object related to the 4-way handshake and key settings. Events
are:
HANDSHAKE_EVENT_STARTED
HANDSHAKE_EVENT_SETTING_KEYS
HANDSHAKE_EVENT_COMPLETE
HANDSHAKE_EVENT_FAILED
Right now, since netdev only operates in station mode, nothing
listens for COMPLETE/FAILED, as device/wsc gets notified by the
connect_cb when the connection was successful. The COMPLETE/
FAILED were added in preperation for AP moving into eapol/netdev.
==1057== 32 bytes in 1 blocks are definitely lost in loss record 1 of 1
==1057== at 0x4C2AF0F: malloc (vg_replace_malloc.c:299)
==1057== by 0x15E9A2: l_malloc (util.c:62)
==1057== by 0x15EA9D: l_memdup (util.c:121)
==1057== by 0x133D9A: network_set_psk (network.c:350)
==1057== by 0x13BD29: wsc_try_credentials (wsc.c:136)
==1057== by 0x13C121: wsc_connect_cb (wsc.c:220)
==1057== by 0x110FAF: netdev_connect_failed (netdev.c:525)
==1057== by 0x16AAF4: process_unicast (genl.c:390)
==1057== by 0x16AF03: received_data (genl.c:509)
==1057== by 0x166CB6: io_callback (io.c:123)
==1057== by 0x16580D: l_main_iterate (main.c:376)
==1057== by 0x16594B: l_main_run (main.c:423)
load_settings ensures that ttls->eap is correctly initialized. So this
code should be treated as an error condition.
We also do not support EAP chaining, so remove that logic as well
dbus_init() currently does not check for the g_dbus object being
properly initialized and this leads to crashes when dbus is not yet
running.
Ensure g_dbus is properly initialized and return false otherwise.
In this case the caller can understand that something went wrong and
stop the initialization procedure.
Program received signal SIGSEGV, Segmentation fault.
0x00005555555bc089 in l_dbus_add_service_watch (dbus=0x0,
name=0x5555555e5b0a "org.ofono",
connect_func=0x5555555aa81e <ofono_found>,
disconnect_func=0x5555555aa8e6 <ofono_disappeared>,
user_data=0x0, destroy=0x0) at ell/dbus.c:1621
1621 if (!dbus->name_cache)
(gdb) bt
name=0x5555555e5b0a "org.ofono",
connect_func=0x5555555aa81e <ofono_found>,
disconnect_func=0x5555555aa8e6 <ofono_disappeared>,
user_data=0x0, destroy=0x0) at ell/dbus.c:1621
user_data=0x0) at ell/plugin.c:115
function=0x5555555b40fd <plugin_start>,
user_data=0x0) at ell/queue.c:441
version=0x0) at ell/plugin.c:201
src/plugin.c:82
src/main.c:417
When the response structure is generated, not all of the memory was
initialized to 0.
==1045== Syscall param socketcall.sendto(msg) points to uninitialised byte(s)
==1045== at 0x5134D52: send (in /lib64/libc-2.25.so)
==1045== by 0x168AB5: l_checksum_update (checksum.c:338)
==1045== by 0x186777: tls_write_mac (tls-record.c:58)
==1045== by 0x1869D1: tls_tx_record_plaintext (tls-record.c:120)
==1045== by 0x186DEA: tls_tx_record (tls-record.c:201)
==1045== by 0x185A3B: l_tls_write (tls.c:2064)
==1045== by 0x14584F: eap_ttls_eap_tx_packet (eap-ttls.c:321)
==1045== by 0x14236C: eap_send_response (eap.c:165)
==1045== by 0x147904: eap_mschapv2_send_response (eap-mschapv2.c:468)
==1045== by 0x147A10: eap_mschapv2_handle_challenge (eap-mschapv2.c:492)
==1045== by 0x147E9A: eap_mschapv2_handle_request (eap-mschapv2.c:615)
==1045== by 0x142693: __eap_handle_request (eap.c:240)
==1045== Address 0x1ffeffe7f9 is on thread 1's stack
==1045== in frame #4, created by tls_tx_record (tls-record.c:177)
==1045== Uninitialised value was created by a stack allocation
==1045== at 0x1477AE: eap_mschapv2_send_response (eap-mschapv2.c:443)
==1045==
==1045== Syscall param sendmsg(msg.msg_iov[0]) points to uninitialised byte(s)
==1045== at 0x5134E3B: sendmsg (in /lib64/libc-2.25.so)
==1045== by 0x17F691: operate_cipher (cipher.c:356)
==1045== by 0x17F9D8: l_cipher_encrypt (cipher.c:446)
==1045== by 0x186BAA: tls_tx_record_plaintext (tls-record.c:152)
==1045== by 0x186DEA: tls_tx_record (tls-record.c:201)
==1045== by 0x185A3B: l_tls_write (tls.c:2064)
==1045== by 0x14584F: eap_ttls_eap_tx_packet (eap-ttls.c:321)
==1045== by 0x14236C: eap_send_response (eap.c:165)
==1045== by 0x147904: eap_mschapv2_send_response (eap-mschapv2.c:468)
==1045== by 0x147A10: eap_mschapv2_handle_challenge (eap-mschapv2.c:492)
==1045== by 0x147E9A: eap_mschapv2_handle_request (eap-mschapv2.c:615)
==1045== by 0x142693: __eap_handle_request (eap.c:240)
==1045== Address 0x1ffeffe7f9 is on thread 1's stack
==1045== in frame #4, created by tls_tx_record (tls-record.c:177)
==1045== Uninitialised value was created by a stack allocation
==1045== at 0x1477AE: eap_mschapv2_send_response (eap-mschapv2.c:443)
==1045==
Since PEAP & TTLS expect to use eap_check_settings recursively, make
them use a private version of that API that does not perform cleanup and
can contain side-effects.
eap_check_settings itself will guarantee that no side effects happen on
error. It is meant to be used by code outside of the eap subsystem.
Missing secrets are freed by eap_send_agent_req() even in case of
failure, so it was erroneous to try to free them on error.
==1048== Invalid read of size 8
==1048== at 0x1603EC: l_queue_clear (queue.c:101)
==1048== by 0x1603B8: l_queue_destroy (queue.c:82)
==1048== by 0x135328: network_connect_8021x (network.c:943)
==1048== by 0x1354C4: network_connect (network.c:987)
==1048== by 0x178DD2: _dbus_object_tree_dispatch (dbus-service.c:1690)
==1048== by 0x16D32A: message_read_handler (dbus.c:285)
==1048== by 0x166EC3: io_callback (io.c:123)
==1048== by 0x165A1A: l_main_iterate (main.c:376)
==1048== by 0x165B58: l_main_run (main.c:423)
==1048== by 0x1102DA: main (main.c:458)
==1048== Address 0x5461850 is 0 bytes inside a block of size 24 free'd
==1048== at 0x4C2C13B: free (vg_replace_malloc.c:530)
==1048== by 0x15ED03: l_free (util.c:136)
==1048== by 0x1603C4: l_queue_destroy (queue.c:83)
==1048== by 0x134BD5: eap_secret_request_free (network.c:719)
==1048== by 0x134EF9: eap_send_agent_req (network.c:817)
==1048== by 0x1352F7: network_connect_8021x (network.c:936)
==1048== by 0x1354C4: network_connect (network.c:987)
==1048== by 0x178DD2: _dbus_object_tree_dispatch (dbus-service.c:1690)
==1048== by 0x16D32A: message_read_handler (dbus.c:285)
==1048== by 0x166EC3: io_callback (io.c:123)
==1048== by 0x165A1A: l_main_iterate (main.c:376)
==1048== by 0x165B58: l_main_run (main.c:423)
In eap_check_settings move the check for the EAP-Identity setting so
that the method's check_setting call back has a chance to request it
from the agent. Note the check can be also moved to the EAP methods
so that they are free to skip it if not NULL identity is ok.
Replace usages of l_settings_get_value with l_settings_get_string, which
will make sure the returned strings are unescaped but also allocates
memeory and forces us to use l_free on most of the strings. Some of
these strings we explicitly set with l_settings_set_string() in our code
so when we retrieved them with l_settings_get_value() we would receive a
different string if there were any escapable characters in the string.
I didn't replace any of the l_settings_get_value() uses where we're just
checking whether a setting is present, or those which are hexstrings or
EAP method names assuming that they can't have any special characters,
although this isn't future proof. I did use l_settings_get_string() for
file paths though.
Accept two setting IDs in eap_append_secret, first for the username and
second for the password in case of the EAP_SECRET_REMOTE_USER_PASSWORD
EAP secret type. In all other cases only the first setting is used.
Until now for EAP_SECRET_REMOTE_USER_PASSWORD secrets we'd generate the
two setting names by adding different suffixes to the ID parameter.
Using the two different setting names automatically fixes the issues
with using the EAP Identity returned by the agent in EAP-MSCHAPv2 and
EAP-PWD.
The WDS dbus property of a Device directly maps to the 4ADDR property
of a real netdevice. It can be activated or deactivated at any point
in time.
The name WDS comes from the fact that this feature allows a STA
interface to be bridged and thus create a Wireless Distribution
System (the same name is used in OpenWRT and hostapd).
To implement this feature, the 'powered callback' data structure has
been renamed and re-used.
When a wifi interface is added/removed to/from a bridge, a
RTM_NEW/DELLINK event is issued. This is the same event used to signal
when an interface is created/deleted.
For this reason the event generated by the bridge code has to be
properly distinguished and handled accordingly. Failing to do so will
result in inconsistencies in iwd which will think an interface has been
deleted when it was actually not.
Detect incoming NEW/DELLINK bridge events and reacts accordingly. For
now, this simply means printing a simple message, as there is no
special logic in iwd for this yet.
This is meant to reset the EAP state back to its original state without
affecting any state variables obtained through load_settings. This can
be useful for EAP Reauthentication triggered by the AP.
Instead use '-d' command line option. This option uses an optional
argument. Without an argument, '*' is assumed. Otherwise you can
specify a glob string to match. Any debug output that matches the glob
string will be printed. e.g.:
src/iwd -d '*eap*'
Some EAP servers might try to send us packets after the EAP connection
has been established. When EAP succeeds we destroy the EAP object. If
a new EAP request arrives we create a temporary EAP object to handle the
request (most likely to NAK it). However, if the packet is not destined
to a particular method (e.g. it is a notification) the current logic can
result in a crash.
src/netdev.c:netdev_set_gtk() 3
==4300== Invalid read of size 8
==4300== at 0x14204B: __eap_handle_request (eap.c:203)
==4300== by 0x142339: eap_rx_packet (eap.c:287)
==4300== by 0x12AEF9: eapol_rx_packet (eapol.c:1622)
==4300== by 0x12BBBC: __eapol_rx_packet (eapol.c:2018)
==4300== by 0x116D1E: netdev_pae_read (netdev.c:3121)
==4300== by 0x16672B: io_callback (io.c:123)
==4300== by 0x165239: l_main_iterate (main.c:376)
==4300== by 0x16537D: l_main_run (main.c:423)
==4300== by 0x10F95C: main (main.c:447)
==4300== Address 0x30 is not stack'd, malloc'd or (recently) free'd
==4300==
When the server sends an identity prompt or a notification, we were
trying to print from our local buffer, not from the actual packet. The
relevant valgrind trace is:
src/netdev.c:netdev_mlme_notify() MLME notification 64
==4300== Conditional jump or move depends on uninitialised value(s)
==4300== at 0x4C3006E: strnlen (vg_replace_strmem.c:425)
==4300== by 0x508C513: vfprintf (vfprintf.c:1643)
==4300== by 0x508EB75: buffered_vfprintf (vfprintf.c:2329)
==4300== by 0x508C1A1: vfprintf (vfprintf.c:1301)
==4300== by 0x167051: log_stderr (log.c:145)
==4300== by 0x16756E: l_log_with_location (log.c:293)
==4300== by 0x142173: __eap_handle_request (eap.c:235)
==4300== by 0x142339: eap_rx_packet (eap.c:287)
==4300== by 0x12AEF9: eapol_rx_packet (eapol.c:1622)
==4300== by 0x12BBBC: __eapol_rx_packet (eapol.c:2018)
==4300== by 0x116D1E: netdev_pae_read (netdev.c:3121)
==4300== by 0x16672B: io_callback (io.c:123)
==4300==
EAP identity prompt: ""
GLIBC is not necessarily the only library that provides execinfo.
With libexecinfo execinfo can be used also in other Libraries.
The patch lets the configure check the existence of the header
and the libexecinfo Library and uses them if avaible.
(also fixes compilation if execinfo is not avaible)
iwd was auto-connecting to the open networks despite having
Autoconnect=false flag set in the network configuration file.
This patch enables iwd to load the configuration files for the
open networks during the auto-connect attempt to take advantage
of the Autoconnect flag.
EAP-PWD was hard coded to only work on LE architectures. This
adds 2 conversion functions to go from network byte order (BE)
to any native architecture, and vise versa.
The file, src/ecc.c was taken from the bluez project:
https://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/bluetooth/bluez.git/tree/src/shared/ecc.c
There were minor changes made, e.g. changing some functions to globals
for access in EAP-PWD as well as removing some unneeded code. There was
also some code appended which allows for point addition, modulus inverse
as well as a function to compute a Y value given an X.
If Control Port over NL80211 is not supported, open up a PAE socket and
stuff it into an l_io on the netdev object. Install a read handler on
the l_io and call __eapol_rx_packet as needed.
With the introduction of Control Port Over NL80211 feature, the
transport details need to be moved out of eapol and into netdev.c.
Whether a given WiFi hardware supports transfer of Control Port packets
over NL80211 is Wiphy and kernel version related, so the transport
decisions need to be made elsewhere.
On connect add any secrets we've received through the agent to the
l_settings objects which the EAP methods will process in load_settings.
The settings object is modified but is never written to storage. If
this was to change because some settings need to be saved to storage,
a new l_settings object might be needed with the union of the settings
from the file and the secrets so as to avoid saving the sensitive data.
These EAP methods do not store the identity inside the settings file
since it is obtained from the SIM card, then provided to IWD via
get_identity method. If the get_identity method is implemented, do
not fail the settings check when EAP-Identity is missing.
Use eap_check_settings directly from network.c before we start the
connection attempt at netdev.c level, to obtain all of the required
passwords/passphrases through the agent. This is in network.c because
here we can decide the policies for whether to call the agent in
autoconnect or only if we had a request from the user, also whether we
want to save any of that for later re-use (either password data or
kernel-side key serial), etc.
In this patch we save the credentials for the lifetime of the network
object in memory, and we skip the network if it requires any passphrases
we don't have while in autoconnect, same as with PSK networks where the
PSK isn't given in the settings. Note that NetworkManager does pop up
the password window for PSK or EAP passwords even in autoconnect.
If EAP needs multiple passwords we will call the agent sequentially for
each.
Confirm that the PEM file paths that we'll be passing to the l_tls
object are loading Ok and request/validate the private key passphrase
if needed. Then also call eap_check_settings to validate the inner
method's settings.
Confirm that the PEM file paths that we'll be passing to the l_tls
object are loading Ok and request/validate the private key passphrase
if needed. Then also call eap_check_settings to validate the inner
method's settings.
