# Candide

### About Candide

Candide is an IRC bot written in Perl in pragma_'s spare time.

### Trigger

All of candide's commands may begin with its name or its trigger, or be followed by its name.

The trigger character defaults to exclaimation mark [!]; the freenode instance uses a comma [,].

Note that commands need not be submitted to the channel; you can /msg it instead. If you /msg candide, it will respond with a private message in return. In private message, you do not need to specify its name or one of the trigger symbols.

    Examples:
     <pragma_> !hi (or ,hi if on freenode)
     <pragma_> hi, candide
     <pragma_> candide: hi

### Source

Candide's source may be found at http://code.google.com/p/pbot2-pl/. It can be browsed at http://code.google.com/p/pbot2-pl/source/browse/#svn/trunk/.
The URL for the source of any loaded modules may be found by using the factinfo command:

     <pragma_> factinfo ##c faq
     <candide> faq: Module loaded by pragma_ on Fri Dec 31 02:34:04 2004 ->
               http://code.google.com/p/pbot2-pl/source/browse/trunk/modules/cfaq.pl, used 512 times (last by ecrane)

### Bot Channel

You may test/play with the bot in the #pbot2 channel on irc.freenode.net.

### Directing output to a user

You may direct candide to prepend the nickname of a specific person to a factoid in the channel by stating the nickname after the factoid (if the factoid doesn't take arguments):

     <pragma_> candide: version defrost
     <candide> defrost: PBot revision 387 2012-10-07

##### tell

You may also use the `tell <nick> about <command>` syntax (which is necessary if the factoid does take arguments):

     <pragma_> candide: tell defrost about help cc
     <candide> defrost: To learn all about cc, see http://www.iso-9899.info/wiki/Candide#cc

## Factoids

### List of factoids

The most recent exported list of factoids can be found here: http://www.iso-9899.info/candide/factoids.html.

#### Channel namespaces

Factoids added in one channel may be called/triggered in another channel or in private message, providing that the other channel doesn't already have a factoid of the same name.

Factoids may also be added to a special channel named .*. Factoids that are set in this channel will be accessible to any channel, including private messages. However, factoids that are set in a specific channel will override factoids of the same name that are set in the .* channel or other channels.

For example, a factoid named 'malloc' set in ##c will be called instead of 'malloc' set in .*, if the factoid were triggered in ##c; otherwise, the latter 'malloc' will be triggered if the factoid were triggered in another channel.

Similiarily, if there were no 'malloc' factoid in the .* namespace, but only in ##c and you attempted to use this factoid in a channel other than ##c, that channel will invoke ##c's version of 'malloc', providing that channel doesn't have its own 'malloc' factoid.

Likewise, if there is a 'malloc' factoid set in ##c++ and the factoid is triggered in the ##c++ channel, then this version of 'malloc' will be called instead of the ##c or the .* factoid.

However, if you are in a channel that doesn't have a 'malloc' factoid and there is no 'malloc' factoid in the global .* channel, and you attempt to call 'malloc' then the bot will display a message notifying you that 'malloc' is ambiguous and which channels it belongs to so that you may use the fact command to call the correct factoid.

### Adding a factoid

There are two ways to add a factoid. The first is:

      <factoid> is <description>

In this case, the factoid will be created as belonging to the channel in which the command was executed. If this is done via private message, then the factoid will belong to the special .* channel.

#### factadd

The second method allows you to add a factoid to any channel. This method is suitable to add to a specific channel from a private message:

      factadd <channel> <keyword> is <description>

In this method, you may add factoids to any channel, including the special .* channel, which stands for all channels.

Examples:

      <pragma_> factadd ##c c is /say C rocks!
      <pragma_> c is /say C rocks!

#### Special commands

##### /say

If a factoid begins with "/say " then candide will not use the "<factoid> is <description>" format when displaying the factoid.

     Example:
       <pragma_> hi is /say Well, hello there, $nick.
       <candide> 'hi' added.
       <prec> candide, hi
       <candide> Well, hello there, prec.

##### /me

If a factoid begins with "/me " then candide will ACTION the factoid.

     Example:
       <pragma_> bounce is /me bounces around.
       <candide> 'bounce' added.
       <pragma_> bounce
       *candide bounces around.

##### /call

If a factoid begins with "/call " then candide will call an existing command.

     Example:
       <pragma_> boing is /call bounce
       <candide> 'boing' added.
       <pragma_> boing
       *candide bounces around.

##### /msg

If a factoid begins with "/msg <nick> " then candide will /MSG the factoid text to <nick>

#### Special variables

Currently there are three special variables:

##### $nick

     $nick:  expands to the nick of the caller

##### $args

     $args:  expands to any text following the keyword

##### $channel

     $channel:  expands to the name of the channel in which the command is used

#### adlib list variables

You may create a list of adlib words by using the normal factoid creation method. Also note that multiple words can be surrounded with double quotes to constitute one element.

     Example:
       <pragma_> colors is red green blue "bright yellow" pink "dark purple" orange
       <candide> 'colors' added

Then you can instruct candide to pick a random word from this list to use in another factoid by inserting the list as a variable.

     Example:
       <pragma_> sky is /say The sky is $colors.
       <candide> 'sky' added.
       <pragma_> sky
       <candide> The sky is dark purple.
       <pragma_> sky
       <candide> The sky is green.

A practical example, creating the RTFM trigger:

     <pragma_> sizes is big large tiny small huge gigantic teeny
     <candide> 'sizes' added.
     <pragma_> attacks is whaps thwacks bashes smacks punts whacks
     <candide> 'attacks' added.
     <pragma_> rtfm is /me $attacks $args with a $sizes $colors manual.
     <candide> 'rtfm' added.
     <pragma_> rtfm mauke
     * candide thwacks mauke with a big red manual.

#### action_with_args

You can use the factset command to set a special factoid meta-data key named "action_with_args" to trigger an alternate message if an argument has been supplied.

     Example:
       <pragma_> snack is /me eats a cookie.
       <candide> 'snack' added.
       <pragma_> factset #channel snack action_with_args /me gives $args a cookie.
       <candide> [Factoids] (#channel) snack: 'action_with_args' set to '/me gives $args a cookie.'
       <pragma_> snack
       * candide eats a cookie.
       <pragma_> snack orbitz
       * candide gives orbitz a cookie.

#### add_nick

You can use the factset command to set a special factoid meta-data key named "add_nick" to prepend the nick of the caller to the output. This is mostly useful for modules.

### Deleting a factoid

#### factrem

#### forget

To remove a factoid, use the factrem or forget command. The syntax is:

     factrem <channel> <keyword>
     forget <channel> <keyword>

### Viewing/triggering a factoid

To view or trigger a factoid, one merely issues its keyword as a command.

      <pragma_> candide, c?
      <candide> C rocks!

### Viewing/triggering another channel's factoid

#### fact

To view or trigger a factoid belonging to a specific channel, use the fact command:

     fact <channel> <keyword> [arguments]

### Aliasing a factoid

#### factalias

To create an factoid that acts as an alias for a command, use the 'factalias' command or '<alias> is /call <command>'.

     <newalias> is /call <command>

The syntax for 'factalias' is:

     factalias <channel> <new keyword> <command>

     Example:
       <pragma_> book is /me points accusingly at $args, "Where is your book?!"
       <candide> 'book' added.
       <pragma_> book newbie
       *candide points accusingly at newbie, "Where is your book?!"
       <pragma_> rafb is /call book
       <candide> 'rafb' added.
       <pragma_> rafb runtime
       *candide points accusingly at runtime, "Where is your book?!"

     Another example:
       <pragma_> offtopic is /say In this channel, '$args' is off-topic.
       <pragma_> offtopic C++
       <candide> In this channel, 'C++' is off-topic.
       <pragma_> factalias ##c C++ offtopic C++ (or: C++ is /call offtopic C++)
       <pragma_> C++
       <candide> In this channel, 'C++' is off-topic.

### Changing a factoid

#### factchange

To change a factoid, use the 'factchange' command:

     Usage:  factchange <channel> <keyword> s/<pattern>/<change to>/

      <pragma_> c
      <candide> C rocks!
      <pragma_> factchange ##c c s/rocks/rules/
      <candide> c changed.
      <pragma_> c
      <candide> C rules!

Note that the final argument is a Perl-style substitution regex. See 'man perlre'.

     For instance, it is possible to append to a factoid by using:
          'factchange channel factoid s/$/text to append/'

     Likewise, you can prepend to a factoid by using:
          'factchange channel factoid s/^/text to prepend/'

Alternatively, you may append to a factoid by using 'is also':

      <pragma_> candide, c is also See FAQ at http://www.eskimo.com/~scs/C-faq/top.html
      <candide> Changed: c is /say C rules! ; See FAQ at http://www.eskimo.com/~scs/C-faq/top.html

#### factset

To view or set factoid meta-data, such as owner, rate-limit, etc, use the 'factset' command.

     Usage:  factset <channel> <factoid> [<key> [value]]

Omit <key> and <value> to list all the keys and values for a factoid. Specify <key>, but omit <value> to see the value for a specific key.

#### factunset

To unset factoid meta-data, use the 'factunset' command.

     Usage: factunset <channel> <factoid> <key>

### Finding a factoid

#### factfind

To search the database for a factoid, you may use the 'factfind' command. You may optionally specify whether to narrow by channel and/or include factoid owner and/or last referenced by in the search.

If there is only one match for the query, it will display that factoid, otherwise it will list all matches.

    Usage: factfind [-channel channel] [-owner nick] [-by nick] [text]
    Example:
     <pragma_> candide, factfind cast
     <candide> 3 factoids match: [##c] NULL casting dontcastmalloc

### Information about a factoid

#### factinfo

To get information about a factoid, such as who submitted it and when, use the 'factinfo' command:

     factinfo <channel> <keyword>

     <pragma_> candide, factinfo ##c NULL
     <candide> NULL: Factoid submitted by Major-Willard for all channels on Sat Jan 1 16:17:42 2005
               [5 years and 178 days ago], referenced 39 times (last by pragma_ on Sun Jun 27 04:40:32 2010 [5 seconds ago])

If the factoid has been submitted for the special .* channel, then it will be shown as 'submitted for all channels'. Otherwise, it will be shown as 'submitted for #channel'.

#### factshow

To see the factoid string literal, use the 'factshow' command:

     factshow <channel> <keyword>

     <pragma_> factshow ##c hi
     <candide> hi: /say $greetings, $nick.

#### factset

To view factoid meta-data, such as owner, rate-limit, etc, use the 'factset' command.

     Usage:  factset <channel> <factoid> [<key> [value]]

Omit <key> and <value> to list all the keys and values for a factoid. Specify <key>, but omit <value> to see the value for a specific key.

#### count

To see how many factoids and what percentage of the database <nick> has submitted, use the 'count' command:

     <pragma_> count prec
     <candide> prec has submitted 28 factoids out of 233 (12%)
     <pragma_> count twkm
     <candide> twkm has submitted 74 factoids out of 233 (31%)
     <pragma_> count pragma
     <candide> pragma has submitted 27 factoids out of 233 (11%)

#### histogram

To see a histogram of the top 10 factoid submitters, use the 'histogram' command:

     <pragma_> histogram
     <candide> 268 factoids, top 10 submitters: twkm: 74 (27%) Major-Willard:
               64 (23%) pragma_: 40 (14%) prec: 39 (14%) defrost: 14 (5%)
               PoppaVic: 10 (3%) infobahn: 7 (2%) orbitz: 3 (1%) mauke: 3
               (1%) Tom^: 2 (1%)

#### top20

To see the top 20 most popular factoids, use the 'top20' command.

## Commands

To see all the currently available commands, use the list commands command.

Some commands are:

### Quotegrabs

#### Table of quotegrabs

A table of grabbed quotes can be found here: http://www.iso-9899.info/candide/quotegrabs.html

#### grab

Grabs a message someone says, and adds it to the quotegrabs database. You may grab multiple nicks/messages in one quotegrab by separating the arguments with a plus sign (the nicks need not be different -- you can grab multiple messages by the same nick by specifying a different history for each grab).

You can use the recall command to test the arguments before grabbing (please use a private message).

    Usage: grab <nick> [history [channel]]
             where [history] is an optional argument that is an integral index into the recent messages OR a regular expression used to search message contents;
             e.g., to grab the 3rd most recent message for nick, use: grab nick 3
             OR to grab a message containing the text "pizza", use: grab nick pizza

    Examples:

       <bob> Clowns are scary.
       <pragma-> grab bob clowns
       <candide> Quote grabbed: 1: <bob> Clowns are scary.

       <alice> Please put that in the right place.
       <bob> That's what she said!
       <pragma-> grab alice place + bob said
       <candide> Quote grabbed 2: <alice> Please put that in the right place. <bob> That's what she said!

       <charlie> I know a funny programming knock-knock joke.
       <charlie> Knock knock!
       <charlie> Race condition.
       <charlie> Who's there?
       <pragma-> grab charlie knock + charlie race + charlie there
       <candide> Quote grabbed 3: <charlie> Knock knock! <charlie> Race condition. <charlie> Who's there?

#### recall

Recalls messages from the chat history and displays them with a relative time-stamp.

Usage is identical to grab.

     <pragma-> recall alice + bob
     <candide> [20 seconds ago] <alice> Please put that in the right place. [8 seconds ago] <bob> That's what she said!

#### getq

Retrieves and displays a specific grabbed quote from the quotegrabs database.

    Usage: getq <quote-id>

#### rq

Retrieves and displays a random grabbed quote from the quotegrabs database. You may filter by nick, channel and/or quote text.

    Usage: rq [nick regex [channel regex [text regex]]]
           rq <nick regex> [-channel <channel regex>] [-text <text regex>]

#### delq

Deletes a specific grabbed quote from the quotegrabs database. You can only delete quotes you have grabbed unless you are logged in as an admin.

    Usage: delq <quote-id>

### Modules

#### {}

This is just an alias for the cc command. Can take an optional nick argument in front in order to address the output to said nick.

     Example:
       <pragma_> { puts("hello"); }
       <candide> hello
       <pragma_> somebody: { puts("hi"); }
       <candide> somebody: hi

#### cc

Code compiler (and executor). This command will compile and execute user-provided code in a number of languages, and then display the compiler and/or program output.

The program is executed within a gdb debugger instance, which may be interacted with via the gdb macros described below or with the gdb("command") function.

The compiler and program are executed inside a virtual machine. After each run, the virtual machine is restored to a previous state. No system calls have been disallowed. You can write to and read from the filesystem, provided you do it in the same program. The network cable has been unplugged. You are free to write and test any code you like. Have fun.

Uses gcc 4.9.0 and gdb 7.7.

##### Usage

     Usage: cc [compiler options] [-paste] [-nomain] [-lang=<language>] <code> [-input=<stdin input>]
            cc <run|undo|show|paste|copy|replace|prepend|append|remove|s/// [and ...]>
            cc <diff>
            [nick] { <same as above without the cc in front> }

- You can pass any gcc compiler options. By default, -Wall -Wextra -std=c11 -pedantic are passed unless an option is specified.
- The -paste option will pretty-format and paste the code/output to a paste site and display the URL (useful to preserve newlines in output, and to refer to line-numbers).
- The -nomain flag will prevent the code from being wrapped with a main() function.
- The -input=<stdin input> option provides STDIN input (i.e., scanf(), getc(stdin), etc.); MUST be the last option after any code (otherwise the code will be considered to be input).
- The run, undo, show, replace, etc commands are part of interactive-editing. See below.
- The diff command can be used to display the differences between the two most recent snippets.
- You can use { } instead of cc; the options/flags/comments must be inside the braces. Can take an optional nick argument in front in order to address the output to said nick.

##### Supported Languages

The -lang option accepts the following languages: C, C99 and C11. Alternatively, you may use the -std=<c89|gnu89|c99|gnu99|etc> compiler option to specify which standard to follow.

Support for additional languages coming soon.

##### Default Language

The default language (e.g., without an explicit -lang or -std option) is C11 pedantic; which is gcc -Wall -Wextra -std=c11 -pedantic.

##### Disallowed system calls

None. The network cable has been unplugged. Other than that, anything goes. Have fun.

##### Program termination with no output

If there is no output, information about the local variables will be displayed.

     <pragma_> cc int x = 5, y = 16; x ^= y, y ^= x, x ^= y;
     <candide> pragma_: <no output: x = 16; y = 5>

     <pragma_> cc #include <sys/utsname.h> struct utsname u; uname(&u);
     <candide> pragma_:  <no output: u = {sysname = "Linux", nodename = "compiler", release = "3.2.0-8-generic", version = "#15-Ubuntu SMP Wed Jan 11 13:57:44 UTC 2012", machine = "x86_64",  __domainname = "(none)"}>

##### Abnormal program termination

If a signal is detected, the bot will display useful information.

Example session:

    < pragma_> ,cc char *p = 0; *p = 1;
    < candide> pragma_: Program received signal 11 (SIGSEGV) at statement: *p = 1; <local variables: p = 0x0>

    < pragma_> ,cc void bang() { char *p = 0, s[] = "lol"; strcpy(p, s); }  bang();
    < candide> pragma_: Program received signal 11 (SIGSEGV) in bang () at statement: strcpy(p, s); <local variables: p = 0x0, s = "lol">

    < pragma_> ,cc int a = 2 / 0;
    < candide> pragma_: [In function 'main': warning: division by zero] Program received signal 8 (SIGFPE) at statement: int a = 2 / 0;

##### C and C++ Functionality

##### Using the preprocessor

###### Default #includes

These are the default includes for C11. To get the most up-to-date list of #includes, use the `cc paste` command.

    #define _XOPEN_SOURCE 9001
    #define __USE_XOPEN
    #include <stdio.h>
    #include <stdlib.h>
    #include <string.h>
    #include <unistd.h>
    #include <math.h>
    #include <limits.h>
    #include <sys/types.h>
    #include <stdint.h>
    #include <stdbool.h>
    #include <stddef.h>
    #include <stdarg.h>
    #include <stdnoreturn.h>
    #include <stdalign.h>
    #include <ctype.h>
    #include <inttypes.h>
    #include <float.h>
    #include <errno.h>
    #include <time.h>
    #include <assert.h>
    #include <complex.h>

###### Using #include

In C and C++, you may #include <file.h> one after another on the same line. The bot will automatically put them on separate lines. If you do use #include, the files you specify will replace the default includes. You do not need to append a \n after the #include.

    <pragma_> cc #include <sys/utsname.h> struct utsname u; uname(&u);
    <candide> pragma_:  <no output: u = {sysname = "Linux", nodename = "compiler", release = "3.2.0-8-generic", version = "#15-Ubuntu SMP Wed Jan 11 13:57:44 UTC 2012", machine = "x86_64",  __domainname = "(none)"}>

    <pragma_> cc #include <stdio.h> #include <stdlib.h> void func(void) { puts("Hello, world"); } func();
    <candide> pragma_: Hello, World

In the previous examples, only the specified includes (e.g., <sys/utsname.h> in the first example, <stdio.h> and <stdlib.h> in the second, will be included instead of the default includes.

###### Using #define

You can also #define macros; however, #defines require an explicit "\n" sequence to terminate, otherwise the remainder of the line will be part of the macro.

    <pragma_> cc #define GREETING "Hello, World"\n puts(GREETING);
    <candide> pragma_: Hello, World

##### main() Function Unnecessary

In C and C++, if there is no main function, then a main function will created and wrapped around the appropriate bits of your code (unless the -nomain flag was specified); anything outside of any functions, excluding preprocessor stuff, will be put into this new main function. Here's an example:

     <pragma_> cc -paste int add(int a, int b) { return a + b; } printf("4 + 6 = %d -- ", add(4, 6)); int add3(int a, int b, int c)
               { return add(a, b) + c; } printf("7 + 8 + 9 = %d", add3(7, 8, 9));
     <candide> http://sprunge.us/ehRA?c

The -paste flag causes the code to be pretty-formatted and pasted with output in comments to a paste site, which displays the following:

    #define _XOPEN_SOURCE 9001
    #define __USE_XOPEN
    #include <stdio.h>
    #include <stdlib.h>
    #include <string.h>
    #include <unistd.h>
    #include <math.h>
    #include <limits.h>
    #include <sys/types.h>
    #include <stdint.h>
    #include <stdbool.h>
    #include <stddef.h>
    #include <stdarg.h>
    #include <stdnoreturn.h>
    #include <stdalign.h>
    #include <ctype.h>
    #include <inttypes.h>
    #include <float.h>
    #include <errno.h>
    #include <time.h>
    #include <assert.h>
    #include <complex.h>
    #include <prelude.h>

    int add(int a, int b) {
        return a + b;
    }

    int add3(int a, int b, int c) {
        return add(a, b) + c;
    }

    int main(void) {
        printf("4 + 6 = %d -- ", add(4, 6));

        printf("7 + 8 + 9 = %d", add3(7, 8, 9));
        return 0;
    }

    /************* OUTPUT *************
    4 + 6 = 10 -- 7 + 8 + 9 = 24
    ************** OUTPUT *************/

##### Embedding Newlines

In Assembler, you may start a newline in the code via a \n sequence or a semi-colon.

In C and C++, #defines must be terminated by a \n sequence.

In all other languages, you may embed a newline in the code by using |n. Yes, that's the pipe character followed by 'n'.

##### Printing in binary/base2

A freenode ##c regular, Wulf, has provided a printf format specifier 'b' which can be used to print values in base2.

        <Wulf> cc printf("%b", 1234567);
     <candide> 000100101101011010000111

        <Wulf> cc printf("%#'b", 1234567);
     <candide> 0001.0010.1101.0110.1000.0111

##### Using the GDB debugger

The program is executed within a gdb debugger instance, which may be interacted with via the following gdb macros.

###### print

The print() macro prints the values of expressions. Useful for printing out structures and arrays.

    <pragma_> cc int a[] = { 1, 2, 3 }; print(a);
    <candide> pragma_: <a = {1, 2, 3}>

    <pragma_> cc #include <sys/utsname.h> struct utsname u; uname(&u); print(u);
    <candide> pragma_: <u = {sysname = "Linux", nodename = "compiler", release = "3.2.0-8-generic", version = "#15-Ubuntu SMP Wed Jan 11 13:57:44 UTC 2012", machine = "x86_64",  __domainname = "(none)"}>

    <pragma_> cc print(sizeof(int));
    <candide> pragma_: <sizeof(int) = 4>

    <pragma_> cc print(2+2);
    <candide> pragma_: <2 + 2 = 4>

###### ptype

The ptype() macro prints the types of expressions.

     <pragma_> cc int *a[] = {0}; ptype(a); ptype(a[0]); ptype(*a[0]);
     <candide> pragma_: <a = int *[1]> <a[0] = int *> <*a[0] = int>

###### watch

The watch() macro watches a variable and displays its value when it changes.

    <pragma_> cc int n = 0, last = 1; watch(n); while(n <= 7000) { n += last; last = n - last; } /* fibonacci */
    <candide> pragma_: <n = 1> <n = 2> <n = 3> <n = 5> <n = 8> <n = 13> <n = 21> <n = 34> <n = 55> <n = 89> <n = 144> <n = 233> <n = 377> <n = 610> <n = 987> <n = 1597> <n = 2584> <n = 4181> <n = 6765> <n = 10946>

###### trace

The trace() macro traces a function's calls, displaying passed and returned values.

     <pragma_> ,cc trace(foo); char *foo(int n) { puts("Hello, world"); return "Good-bye, world"; } foo(42);
     <candide> pragma_: <entered [1] foo (n=42)>
                        Hello, world
                        <leaving [1] foo (n=42), returned 0x401006 "Good-bye, world">

     <pragma_> ,cc int fib2(int n, int p0, int p1) { return n == 1 ? p1 : fib2(n  - 1, p1, p0 + p1); }
                   int fib(int n) { return n == 0 ? 0 : fib2(n, 0, 1); }
                   trace(fib); trace(fib2); for(int i = 0; i < 20; i++) printf("%d ", fib(i));
     <candide> pragma_: <entered [1] fib (n=0)>
                        <leaving [1] fib (n=0), returned 0>
                        1
                        <entered [1] fib (n=2)>
                        <entered [2]  fib2 (n=2, p0=0, p1=1)>
                        <entered [3]   fib2 (n=1, p0=1, p1=1)>
                        <leaving [3]   fib2 (n=1, p0=1, p1=1), returned 1>
                        <leaving [2]  fib2 (n=2, p0=0, p1=1), returned 1>
                        <leaving [1] fib (n=2), returned 1>
                        1
                        <entered [1] fib (n=3)>
                        <entered [2]  fib2 (n=3, p0=0, p1=1)>
                        <entered [3]   fib2 (n=2, p0=1, p1=1)>
                        <entered [4]    fib2 (n=1, p0=1, p1=2)>
                        <leaving [4]    fib2 (n=1, p0=1, p1=2), returned 2>
                        <leaving [3]   fib2 (n=2, p0=1, p1=1), returned 2>
                        <leaving [2]  fib2 (n=3, p0=0, p1=1), returned 2>
                        <leaving [1] fib (n=3), returned 2>
                        2
                        <entered [1] fib (n=4)>
                        <entered [2]  fib2 (n=4, p0=0, p1=1)>
                        <entered [3]   fib2 (n=3, p0=1, p1=1)>
                        <entered [4]    fib2 (n=2, p0=1, p1=2)>
                        <entered [5]     fib2 (n=1, p0=2, p1=3)>
                        <leaving [5]     fib2 (n=1, p0=2, p1=3), returned 3>
                        <leaving [4]    fib2 (n=2, p0=1, p1=2), returned 3>
                        <leaving [3]   fib2 (n=3, p0=1, p1=1), returned 3>
                        <leaving [2]  fib2 (n=4, p0=0, p1=1), returned 3>
                        <leaving [1] fib (n=4), returned 3>
                        3
                        <entered [1] fib (n=5)>
                        <entered [2]  fib2 (n=5, p0=0, p1=1)>
                        <entered [3]   fib2 (n=4, p0=1, p1=1)>
                        <entered [4]    fib2 (n=3, p0=1, p1=2)>
                        <entered [5]     fib2 (n=2, p0=2, p1=3)>
                        <entered [6]      fib2 (n=1, p0=3, p1=5)>
                        <leaving [6]      fib2 (n=1, p0=3, p1=5), returned 5>
                        <leaving [5]     fib2 (n=2, p0=2, p1=3), returned 5>
                        <leaving [4]    fib2 (n=3, p0=1, p1=2), returned 5>
                        <leaving [3]   fib2 (n=4, p0=1, p1=1), returned 5>
                        <leaving [2]  fib2 (n=5, p0=0, p1=1), returned 5>
                        <leaving [1] fib (n=5), returned 5>
                        5
                        <entered [1] fib (n=6)>
                        <entered [2]  fib2 (n=6, p0=0, p1=1)>
                        <entered [3]   fib2 (n=5, p0=1, p1=1)>
                        <entered [4]    fib2 (n=4, p0=1, p1=2)>
                        <entered [5]     fib2 (n=3, p0=2, p1=3)>
                        <entered [6]      fib2 (n=2, p0=3, p1=5)>
                        <entered [7]       fib2 (n=1, p0=5, p1=8)>
                        <leaving [7]       fib2 (n=1, p0=5, p1=8), returned 8>
                        <leaving [6]      fib2 (n=2, p0=3, p1=5), returned 8>
                        <leaving [5]     fib2 (n=3, p0=2, p1=3), returned 8>
                        <leaving [4]    fib2 (n=4, p0=1, p1=2), returned 8>
                        <leaving [3]   fib2 (n=5, p0=1, p1=1), returned 8>
                        <leaving [2]  fib2 (n=6, p0=0, p1=1), returned 8>
                        <leaving [1] fib (n=6), returned 8>
                        8
                        ... etc ...

###### gdb

The gdb() function takes a string argument which it passes to the gdb debugger and then displays the output if any.

     <pragma_> ,cc gdb("info macro NULL");
     <candide> pragma_: <Defined at /usr/lib/gcc/x86_64-linux-gnu/4.7/include/stddef.h:402> <#define NULL ((void *)0)>

     <pragma_> ,cc void foo() { gdb("info frame"); } foo();
     <candide> pragma_: <Stack level 1, frame at 0x7fffffffe660:> rip = 0x400e28 in foo (); saved rip 0x400e43 called by frame at 0x7fffffffe680, caller of frame at 0x7fffffffe650 source language
                        c. Arglist at 0x7fffffffe650, args: Locals at 0x7fffffffe650, Previous frame's sp is 0x7fffffffe660 Saved registers: rbp at 0x7fffffffe650, rip at 0x7fffffffe658

##### Interactive Editing

The cc command supports interactive-editing. The general syntax is: cc [command].

Each cc snippet is saved in a buffer which is named after the channel or nick it was used in. You can use show or diff with a buffer argument to view that buffer; otherwise you can use the copy command to copy the most recent snippet of another buffer into the current buffer and optionally chain it with another command -- for example, to copy the ##c buffer and paste it: cc copy ##c and paste.

The commands are: copy, show, diff, paste, run, undo, s//, replace, prepend, append, and remove. Most of the commands may be chained together by separating them with whitespace or "and".

The commands are described in more detail below:

###### copy

To copy a snippet from another buffer, use the copy command. Other commands can optionally be chained after this command.

     Usage: cc copy <buffer> [and ...]

###### show

To show the latest code in the buffer, use the show command. This command can take an optional buffer argument.

     <pragma_> cc show
     <candide> pragma_: printf("Hello, world!");

This command is stand-alone and cannot be chained with other interactive-editing commands.

###### diff

To see the differences between the two most recent snippets, use the diff command. This command can take an optional buffer argument.

     <pragma_> cc diff
     <candide> pragma: printf("<replaced `Hello` with `Good-bye`>, <replaced `world` with `void`>");

This command is stand-alone and cannot be chained with other interactive-editing commands.

###### paste

To paste the full source of the latest code in the buffer as the compiler sees it, use the paste command:

     <pragma_> cc paste
     <candide> pragma_: http://some.random.paste-site.com/paste/results

This command is stand-alone and cannot be chained with other interactive-editing commands.

###### run

To attempt to compile and execute the latest code in the buffer, use the run command:

     <pragma_> cc run
     <candide> pragma_: Hello, world!

This command is stand-alone and cannot be chained with other interactive-editing commands.

###### undo

To undo any changes, use undo. The undo command must be the first command before any subsequent commands.

###### s//

To change the latest code in the buffer, use the s/regex/substitution/[gi] pattern.

     <pragma_> cc s/Hello/Good-bye/ and s/world/void/
     <candide> pragma_: Good-bye, void!
     <pragma_> cc show
     <candide> pragma_: printf("Good-bye, void!");

###### replace

Alternatively, you may use the replace command. The usage is (note the required single-quotes):

     cc replace [all, first, second, ..., tenth, last] 'from' with 'to'

###### prepend

Text may be prepended with the prepend command:

     cc prepend 'text'

###### append

Text may be appended with the append command:

     cc append 'text'

###### remove

Text may be deleted with the remove command:

     cc remove [all, first, second, ..., tenth, last] 'text'

##### Some Examples

     Examples:

       < pragma_> cc int fib2(int n, int p0, int p1) { return n == 1 ? p1 : fib2(n  - 1, p1, p0 + p1); }
                   int fib(int n) { return n == 0 ? 0 : fib2(n, 0, 1); } for(int i = 0; i < 21; i++) printf("%d ", fib(i));
       < candide> pragma_: 0 1 1 2 3 5 8 13 21 34 55 89 144 233 377 610 987 1597 2584 4181 6765

       < pragma_> cc int i = 0, last = 1; while(i <= 7000) { printf("%d ", i); i += last; last = i - last; }
        <candide> pragma_: 0 1 1 2 3 5 8 13 21 34 55 89 144 233 377 610 987 1597 2584 4181 6765

       <Icewing> cc int n=0, f[2]={0,1}; while(n<20) printf("%d ",f[++n&1]=f[0]+f[1]); // based on cehteh
       <candide> Icewing: 1 1 2 3 5 8 13 21 34 55 89 144 233 377 610 987 1597 2584 4181 6765

      <3monkeys> cc @p=(0,1); until($#p>20) { print"$p[-2]\n"; push @p, $p[-2] + $p[-1] } -lang=Perl
       <candide> 3monkeys: 0 1 1 2 3 5 8 13 21 34 55 89 144 233 377 610 987 1597 2584 4181

       <spiewak> cc -lang=Ruby p,c=0,1; 20.times{p p; c=p+p=c}
       <candide> spiewak: 0 1 1 2 3 5 8 13 21 34 55 89 144 233 377 610 987 1597 2584 4181

         <Jafet> cc main = print $ take 20 $ let fibs = 0 : scanl (+) 1 fibs in fibs; -lang=Haskell
       <candide> Jafet: [0,1,1,2,3,5,8,13,21,34,55,89,144,233,377,610,987,1597,2584,4181]

#### english

Converts C code into English sentences. Understands only C89 code.

     Usage: english <C snippet>

     Examples:
        <pragma_> english char (*a)[10];  char *b[10];
        <candide> Let a be a pointer to an array of length 10 of type char. Let b be an array of length 10 of type pointer to char.
        <pragma_> english for(;;);
        <candide> Repeatedly compute nothing.
        <pragma_> english typedef char Batman; char Bruce_Wayne; char superhero = (Batman) Bruce_Wayne;
        <candide> Let Batman be another name for a character. Let Bruce_Wayne be a character. Let superhero be a character, with value being Bruce_Wayne cast to a Batman.

#### expand

Expands macros in C code and displays the resulting code. Macros must be terminated by a \n sequence. You may #include headers to expand macros defined within.

     Usage: expand <C snippet>

     Example:
        <pragma_> expand #define WHILE while ( \n #define DO ) { \n #define WEND } \n  int i = 5; WHILE --i DO puts("hi"); WEND
        <candide> pragma_: int i = 5; while ( --i ) { puts("hi"); }
        <pragma_> expand #include <stdlib.h> NULL
        <candide> pragma_: ((void *)0)

#### prec

#### paren

Shows operator precedence in C99 expressions by adding parentheses.

     Usage: prec <expression>
            paren <expression>

     Examples:
        <pragma_> prec *a++
        <candide> pragma_: *(a++)
        <pragma_> prec a = b & c
        <candide> pragma_: a = (b & c)
        <pragma_> prec token = strtok(s, d) != NULL
        <candide> pragma_: token = (strtok(s, d) != NULL)

#### faq

Displays questions from the comp.lang.c faq. Some queries may return more than one result; if this happens, you may use the 'match #' optional argument to specify the match you'd like to view.

     Usage: faq [match #] <search regex>
     Examples:
       <pragma_> faq cast malloc
       <candide> 2 results, displaying #1: 7. Memory Allocation, 7.6 Why am
                 I getting ``warning: assignment of pointer from integer
                 lacks a cast for calls to malloc? :
                 http://www.eskimo.com/~scs/C-faq/q7.6.html
       <pragma_> faq 2 cast malloc
       <candide> 2 results, displaying #2: 7. Memory Allocation, 7.7 Why
                 does some code carefully cast the values returned by
                 malloc to the pointer type being allocated? :
                 http://www.eskimo.com/~scs/C-faq/q7.7.html
       <pragma_> faq ^6.4
       <candide> 6. Arrays and Pointers, 6.4 Why are array and pointer
                 declarations interchangeable as function formal
                 parameters? : http://www.eskimo.com/~scs/C-faq/q6.4.html

#### c99std

Searches ISO/IEC 9899:TC3 (WG14/N1256), also known as the C99 draft standard. http://www.open-std.org/jtc1/sc22/WG14/www/docs/n1256.pdf

     Usage: c99std [-list] [-n#] [section] [search regex]
              If specified, 'section' must be in the form of X.YpZ where X and Y are section/chapter and, optionally, pZ is paragraph.
              To display a specific section and all its paragraphs, specify just the 'section' without pZ.
              To display just a specific paragraph, specify the full 'section' identifier (X.YpZ).
              You may use -n # to skip to the #th match.
              To list only the section numbers containing 'search text', add -list.
              If both 'section' and 'search regex' are specified, then the search space will be within the specified section identifier.

     Examples:

       < pragma_> c99std pointer value
       < candide> Displaying #1 of 64 matches: 5.1.2.2.1p1: [Program startup] If they are declared, the parameters to the
                  main function shall obey the following constraints: -- The value of argc shall be nonnegative. -- argv[argc]
                  shall be a null pointer. -- If the value of argc is greater than zero, the array members argv[0] through
                  argv[argc-1] inclusive shall contain pointers to st... truncated; see http://codepad.org/f2DULaGQ for full text.

       < pragma_> c99std pointer value -list
       < candide> Sections containing 'pointer value': 5.1.2.2.1p2, 5.1.2.3p9, 6.2.5p20, 6.2.5p27, 6.3.2.1p3, 6.3.2.1p4,
                  6.3.2.3p2, 6.3.2.3p6, 6.5.2.1p3, 6.5.2.2p5, 6.5.2.2p6, 6.5.2.4p1, 6.5.2.4p2, 6.5.3.1p1, 6.5.3.2p3, 6.5.3.2p4,
                  6.5.3.3p5, 6.5.3.4p5, 6.5.6p8, 6.5.6p9, 6.5.8p5, 6.5.15p6, 6.6p7, 6.6p9, 6.7.2.2p5, 6.7.2.3p7, 6.7.2.3p3,
                  6.7.5.1p3, 6.7.5.2p7, 7.1.1p1, 7.1.1p4, 7.1.4p1, 7... truncated; see http://codepad.org/qQlnJYJk for full text.

       < pragma_> Hmm, how about just section 6.3?

      < pragma_> c99std pointer value 6.3
      < candide> Displaying #1 of 4 matches: 6.3.2.1p1: [Lvalues, arrays, and function designators] Except when it is the operand
                 of the sizeof operator or the unary & operator, or is a string literal used to initialize an array, an expression
                 that has type ``array of type is converted to an expression with type ``pointer to type that points to the
                 initial element of the array ob... truncated; see http://codepad.org/mf1RNnr2 for full text.

      < pragma_> c99std pointer value 6.3 -list
      < candide> Sections containing 'pointer value': 6.3.2.1p3, 6.3.2.1p4, 6.3.2.3p2, 6.3.2.3p6

      < pragma_> c99std pointer value 6.3 -n3
      < candide> Displaying #3 of 4 matches: 6.3.2.3p1: [Pointers] For any qualifier q, a pointer to a non-q-qualified type may be
                 converted to a pointer to the q-qualified version of the type; the values stored in the original and converted
                 pointers shall compare equal.

#### c11std

Searches ISO/IEC 9811:201X (WG14/N1256), also known as the C11 draft standard. http://www.open-std.org/jtc1/sc22/wg14/www/docs/n1570.pdf

Usage is identical to c99std.

#### man

Displays manpage summaries and/or C related tidbits (headers, prototypes, specifications), as well as a link to the FreeBSD manpage.

    Usage:  man [section] query
    Samples:
     <pragma_> man fork
     <candide> Includes: sys/types.h, unistd.h - pid_t fork(void); - SVr4,
               SVID, POSIX, X/OPEN, BSD - fork creates a child process that
               differs from the parent process only in its PID and PPID, and
               in the fact that resource utilizations are set to 0 -
               http://www.iso-9899.info/man?fork
     <pragma_> man atexit
     <candide> Includes: stdlib.h - int atexit(void (*function)(void)); -
               SVID 3, BSD 4.3, ISO 9899 - atexit () function registers the
               given function to be called at normal program termination,
               whether via exit(3) or via return from the program's main -
               http://www.iso-9899.info/man?atexit
     <pragma_> man getcwd
     <candide> Includes: unistd.h - char *getcwd(char *buf, size_t size); -
               POSIX.1 - getcwd () function copies an absolute pathname of
               the current working directory to the array pointed to by buf,
               which is of length size - http://www.iso-9899.info/man?getcwd

#### google

Displays google results for a query.

    Usage:  google [number of results] query
    Samples:
      <pragma_> google brian kernighan
      <candide> brian kernighan (115,000): Brian Kernighan's Home Page:
                (http://www.cs.princeton.edu/~bwk/)
      <pragma_> google 3 brian kernighan
      <candide> brian kernighan (115,000): Brian Kernighan's Home Page:
                (http://www.cs.princeton.edu/~bwk/), An Interview with Brian
                Kernighan: (http://www-2.cs.cmu.edu/~mihaib/kernighan-interview/),
                Interview with Brian Kernighan | Linux Journal:
                (http://www.linuxjournal.com/article.php?sid=7035), Brian W.
                Kernighan: (http://www.lysator.liu.se/c/bwk/) ,Brian W.
                Kernighan: Programming in C: A Tutorial:
                (http://www.lysator.liu.se/c/bwk-tutor.html)

#### define

#### dict

Displays dictionary defintions from http://dict.org using DICT protocol.

Databases for the -d option are listed here: http://www.iso-9899.info/candide/dict_databases.txt -- Note that there may be several commands aliased to one of these databases; for example, the `foldoc` command is an alias to `dict -d foldoc`.

     Usage: dict [-d database] [-n start from definition number] [-t first letter of word class type (n]oun, v]erb, etc)]
            [-search <regex> for definitions matching <regex>] <word>

     Examples:

       <pragma_> dict hit
       <candide> hit: n: 1) (baseball) a successful stroke in an athletic contest (especially in baseball);
                "he came all the way around on Williams' hit", 2) the act of contacting one thing with another;
                "repeated hitting raised a large bruise"; "after three misses she finally got a hit" [syn: hitting,
                striking], 3) a conspicuous success; "that song was his first hit and marked the beginning of his
                career"; "that new Broadway show is a real smasher"

       <pragma_> dict -n 4 hit
       <candide> hit: n: 4) (physics) an brief event in which two or more bodies come together; "the collision of the
                 particles resulted in an exchange of energy and a change of direction" [syn: collision], 5) a dose
                 of a narcotic drug, 6) a murder carried out by an underworld syndicate; "it has all the earmarks of
                 a Mafia hit", 7) a connection made via the internet to another website; "WordNet gets many hits from
                 users worldwide"

       <pragma_> dict -t v hit
       <candide> hit: v: 1) cause to move by striking; "hit a ball", 2) hit against; come into sudden contact with;
                 "The car hit a tree"; "He struck the table with his elbow" [syn: strike, impinge on, run into,
                 collide with] [ant: miss], 3) affect or afflict suddenly, usually adversely; "We were hit by really
                 bad weather"; "He was stricken with cancer when he was still a teenager"; "The earthquake struck at
                 midnight" [syn: strike], 4) deal a blow to

       <pragma_> dict -search ball hit
       <candide> hit: n: 1) (baseball) a successful stroke in an athletic contest (especially in baseball); "he came all
                 the way around on Williams' hit", v: 1) cause to move by striking; "hit a ball"

       <pragma_> dict -d eng-fra hit
       <candide> hit: 1) [hit] battre, frapper, heurter frapper, heurter atteindre, frapper, parvenir, saisir

#### foldoc

This is just an alias for `dict -d foldoc`.

#### vera

This is just an alias for `dict -d vera`.

#### udict

Displays dictionary definitions from http://urbandictionary.com.

    Usage: udict query

#### wdict

Displays Wikipedia article abstracts (first paragraph). Note: case-sensitive and very picky.

    Usage: wdict query

#### acronym

Displays expanded acronyms.

    Usage:  acronym query
    Samples:
      <pragma_> acronym posix
      <candide> posix (3 entries): Portable Operating System for
                Information Exchange, Portable Operating System Interface
                Extensions (IBM), Portable Operating System Interface for
                Unix
      <pragma_> acronym linux
      <candide> linux (1 entries): Linux Is Not UniX

#### math

Evaluate calculations.

    Usage:  math <expression>
    Example:
      <pragma_> math 5 + 5
      <candide> 5 + 5 = 10

#### compliment

Displays a random Markov-chain compliment/insult.

    Usage: compliment [nick]

#### insult

Displays a random insult.

    Usage: insult [nick]

#### excuse

Displays a random excuse.

    Usage: excuse [nick]

#### horoscope

Displays a horoscope for a Zodiac sign (google this if you don't know your sign).

    Usage: horoscope <sign>

#### horrorscope

Displays a horrorscope for a Zodiac sign.

    Usage: horrorscope <sign>

#### quote

Displays quotes from a popular quotation database. If you use `quote` without arguments, it returns a random quote; if you use it with an argument, it searches for quotes containing that text; if you add --author <name> at the end, it searches for a quote by that author; if you specify text and --author, it searches for quotes by that author, containing that text.

    Usage: quote [search text] [--author <author name>]
    Samples:
      <pragma_> quote
      <candide> "Each success only buys an admission ticket to a more difficult problem." -- Henry Kissinger (1923 -  ).
      <pragma_> quote --author lao tzu
      <candide> 41 matching quotes found. "A journey of a thousand miles begins with a single step." -- Lao-tzu (604 BC - 531 BC).
      <pragma_> quote butterfly
      <candide> 11 matching quotes found. "A chinese philosopher once had a dream that he was a butterfly. From that day on, he
                was never quite certain that he was not a butterfly, dreaming that he was a man." -- Unknown.

### Informative

#### list

Lists information about specified argument

    Usage:  .list <modules|factoids|commands|admins>

#### info

Shows detailed information about a module or a factoid

     Usage:  .info <module|factoid>

#### version

Shows version information

#### source

Shows candide's source information.

#### help

Shows link to this page.

### Administrative

#### login

You cannot use any of the admin commands unless you login first

     Usage:  login <password>

Note that login requires that your nick and hostmask match candide's records.

#### logout

Logs out of candide.

#### ignore

Ignore a user

    Usage:  ignore <hostmask> [channel] [timeout]

#### unignore

Unignores a user

    Usage:  unignore <hostmask> [channel]

#### ban

Bans a user

     Usage:  ban <hostmask> [timeout seconds]

If timeout is omitted, candide will ban the user for one hour. Timeout is in seconds.

#### unban

Unbans a user

     Usage:
       unban <hostmask>

Note that <hostmask> must EXACTLY match the hostmask in the ban list for the channel.

#### kick

Removes a nick from the channel.

     Usage from channel:   kick <nick> <reason>
     From private message: kick <channel> <nick> <reason>

#### export

exports specified list to web page

    Usage:  export <commands|factoids|admins|channels>

### ##c

#### C-Aphorisms

The C Aphorisms can be triggered with c<n> where <n> is an integer representing one of the aphorisms. For example, to quote C Aphorism 1, use `c1`.

1. The questioner's first description of the problem/question will be misleading.
2. All examples given by the questioner will be incomplete, misleading, broken, wrong, and/or not representative of the actual question.
3. The questioner will not read and apply the answers they are given but will instead continue to practice c1 and c2.
4. The ignorant will continually mis-educate the questioner.
5. When given a choice of solutions, the questioner will always choose the wrong one.
6. The questioner will always find a reason to say, "It doesn't work."
7. The questioner will paste code and say "I have a problem" or "It doesn't work" without any further information or description of the problem.
8. The more beginner they are, the more likely they are to be overcomplicating it.
9. The questioner will always have some excuse for doing it wrong.
10. The newbie will not accept the answer you give, no matter how right it is.
11. <skipped due to existing c11 factoid>
12. The newbie will think they are smarter than they really are.
13. The newbie will fail to recognize undefined behavior, and will wrongly think that their program is correct because it appears to work.

## Flood control

Candide can monitor the channel for excessive rapid traffic originating from an individual and automatically ban the offender for a certain length of time.

### Message flood

If four (4) or more messages are sent within ten (10) seconds, the flood control is triggered. The offender will be muted for 30 seconds for the first offense. Each additional offense will result in the offender being muted for a much longer period. For example, the first offense will result in 30 seconds, the 2nd offense will be 5 minutes, the 3rd will be 1 hour, and so on.

### Join flood

If four (4) or more JOINs are observed within thirty (30) minutes without any messages in between joins, the offender will be forwarded to another channel for a limited time: 2^(number_of_offenses + 2) hours.

In addition to private instructions from candide, this channel will have a /topic and ChanServ on-join message with instructions explaining to the offender how to remove the forwarding. The instructions are to message candide with: unbanme <channel>.

(Any messages sent to the public channel by the user at any time will reset their JOIN counter back to zero. The unbanme command can only be used for the first two offenses -- the offense counter is decremented once every 24 hours.)

### Enter key abuse

If four (4) consecutive messages are sent with ten (10) seconds or less between individual messages and without another person speaking, an enter-key-abuse counter is incremented. This counter will then continue to be incremented every two (2) consecutive messages with ten (10) seconds or less in between until another person speaks or more than ten (10) seconds have elapsed, whereupon it returns to requiring four (4) consecutive messages. When this counter reaches three (3) or greater, the offender will be muted using the same timeout rules as message flooding. This counter is automatically decremented once per hour.

### Notification message

Candide will send the following message to the offender each offense.

#### Message flooding

"You have been muted due to flooding. Please use a web paste service such as http://codepad.org for lengthy pastes. You will be allowed to speak again in $timeout."

#### Join flooding

"You have been banned from $channel due to join flooding. If your connection issues have been resolved, or this was an accident, you may request an unban at any time by responding to this message with: unbanme $channel, otherwise you will be automatically unbanned in $timeout."

#### Enter key abuse

"You have been muted due to abusing the enter key. Please do not split your sentences over multiple messages. You will be allowed to speak again in $timeout."

### Opping/Deopping

ChanServ will automagically op and deop Candide when necessary. Candide will wait until about 5 minutes have elapsed before requesting a deop from ChanServ.

Category IRC

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