diff --git a/src/irc/channel.go b/src/irc/channel.go
index c33f112a..10d80c0f 100644
--- a/src/irc/channel.go
+++ b/src/irc/channel.go
@@ -89,14 +89,18 @@ func (channel *Channel) GetTopic(replier Replier) {
 	replier.Replies() <- RplTopic(channel)
 }
 
-func (channel *Channel) Id() string {
+func (channel Channel) Id() string {
 	return channel.name
 }
 
-func (channel *Channel) PublicId() string {
+func (channel Channel) PublicId() string {
 	return channel.name
 }
 
+func (channel Channel) Commands() chan<- ChannelCommand {
+	return channel.commands
+}
+
 //
 // commands
 //
diff --git a/src/irc/client.go b/src/irc/client.go
index 9394fd44..f507c205 100644
--- a/src/irc/client.go
+++ b/src/irc/client.go
@@ -7,11 +7,6 @@ import (
 	"time"
 )
 
-type Replier interface {
-	Identifier
-	Replies() chan<- Reply
-}
-
 type Client struct {
 	conn       net.Conn
 	username   string
@@ -53,7 +48,7 @@ func (c *Client) readConn(recv <-chan string) {
 
 		m, err := ParseCommand(str)
 		if err != nil {
-			c.replies <- ErrNeedMoreParams(c.server, str)
+			c.Replies() <- ErrNeedMoreParams(c.server, str)
 			continue
 		}
 
@@ -70,15 +65,15 @@ func (c *Client) writeConn(write chan<- string, replies <-chan Reply) {
 	}
 }
 
-func (c *Client) Replies() chan<- Reply {
+func (c Client) Replies() chan<- Reply {
 	return c.replies
 }
 
-func (c *Client) Server() *Server {
+func (c Client) Server() *Server {
 	return c.server
 }
 
-func (c *Client) Nick() string {
+func (c Client) Nick() string {
 	if c.user != nil {
 		return c.user.nick
 	}
@@ -90,33 +85,33 @@ func (c *Client) Nick() string {
 	return "*"
 }
 
-func (c *Client) UModeString() string {
+func (c Client) UModeString() string {
 	return ""
 }
 
-func (c *Client) HasNick() bool {
+func (c Client) HasNick() bool {
 	return c.nick != ""
 }
 
-func (c *Client) HasUser() bool {
+func (c Client) HasUser() bool {
 	return c.username != ""
 }
 
-func (c *Client) Username() string {
+func (c Client) Username() string {
 	if c.HasUser() {
 		return c.username
 	}
 	return "*"
 }
 
-func (c *Client) UserHost() string {
+func (c Client) UserHost() string {
 	return fmt.Sprintf("%s!%s@%s", c.Nick(), c.Username(), c.hostname)
 }
 
-func (c *Client) Id() string {
+func (c Client) Id() string {
 	return c.UserHost()
 }
 
-func (c *Client) PublicId() string {
+func (c Client) PublicId() string {
 	return fmt.Sprintf("%s!%s@%s", c.Nick(), c.Nick(), c.server.Id())
 }
diff --git a/src/irc/commands.go b/src/irc/commands.go
index a08b2ce8..27c4dd91 100644
--- a/src/irc/commands.go
+++ b/src/irc/commands.go
@@ -6,8 +6,32 @@ import (
 	"strings"
 )
 
+type Command interface {
+	Client() *Client
+	HandleServer(*Server)
+}
+
+type EditableCommand interface {
+	Command
+	SetClient(*Client)
+}
+
 var (
 	NotEnoughArgsError = errors.New("not enough arguments")
+	ErrParseCommand    = errors.New("failed to parse message")
+	parseCommandFuncs  = map[string]func([]string) (EditableCommand, error){
+		"JOIN":    NewJoinCommand,
+		"MODE":    NewModeCommand,
+		"NICK":    NewNickCommand,
+		"PART":    NewPartCommand,
+		"PASS":    NewPassCommand,
+		"PING":    NewPingCommand,
+		"PONG":    NewPongCommand,
+		"PRIVMSG": NewPrivMsgCommand,
+		"QUIT":    NewQuitCommand,
+		"TOPIC":   NewTopicCommand,
+		"USER":    NewUserMsgCommand,
+	}
 )
 
 type BaseCommand struct {
@@ -25,28 +49,6 @@ func (base *BaseCommand) SetClient(c *Client) {
 	base.client = c
 }
 
-type EditableCommand interface {
-	Command
-	SetClient(*Client)
-}
-
-var (
-	ErrParseCommand   = errors.New("failed to parse message")
-	parseCommandFuncs = map[string]func([]string) (EditableCommand, error){
-		"JOIN":    NewJoinCommand,
-		"MODE":    NewModeCommand,
-		"NICK":    NewNickCommand,
-		"PART":    NewPartCommand,
-		"PASS":    NewPassCommand,
-		"PING":    NewPingCommand,
-		"PONG":    NewPongCommand,
-		"PRIVMSG": NewPrivMsgCommand,
-		"QUIT":    NewQuitCommand,
-		"TOPIC":   NewTopicCommand,
-		"USER":    NewUserMsgCommand,
-	}
-)
-
 func ParseCommand(line string) (EditableCommand, error) {
 	command, args := parseLine(line)
 	constructor := parseCommandFuncs[command]
diff --git a/src/irc/reply.go b/src/irc/reply.go
index 14c05666..db09493b 100644
--- a/src/irc/reply.go
+++ b/src/irc/reply.go
@@ -12,6 +12,11 @@ type Identifier interface {
 	Nick() string
 }
 
+type Replier interface {
+	Identifier
+	Replies() chan<- Reply
+}
+
 type Reply interface {
 	String(client *Client) string
 	Source() Identifier
@@ -30,24 +35,24 @@ func NewBasicReply(source Identifier, code string,
 	return &BasicReply{source, code, fullMessage}
 }
 
-func (reply *BasicReply) String(client *Client) string {
+func (reply BasicReply) String(client *Client) string {
 	return reply.message
 }
 
-func (reply *BasicReply) Source() Identifier {
+func (reply BasicReply) Source() Identifier {
 	return reply.source
 }
 
 type NumericReply struct {
-	*BasicReply
+	BasicReply
 }
 
 func NewNumericReply(source Identifier, code string,
 	format string, args ...interface{}) *NumericReply {
-	return &NumericReply{&BasicReply{source, code, fmt.Sprintf(format, args...)}}
+	return &NumericReply{BasicReply{source, code, fmt.Sprintf(format, args...)}}
 }
 
-func (reply *NumericReply) String(client *Client) string {
+func (reply NumericReply) String(client *Client) string {
 	return fmt.Sprintf(":%s %s %s %s\r\n", reply.source.Id(), reply.code, client.Nick(),
 		reply.message)
 }
diff --git a/src/irc/server.go b/src/irc/server.go
index 63bff3cb..e99d28b1 100644
--- a/src/irc/server.go
+++ b/src/irc/server.go
@@ -12,11 +12,6 @@ type ChannelNameMap map[string]*Channel
 type UserNameMap map[string]*User
 type ServiceNameMap map[string]*Service
 
-type Command interface {
-	Client() *Client
-	HandleServer(*Server)
-}
-
 type Server struct {
 	hostname string
 	ctime    time.Time
@@ -83,7 +78,7 @@ func (s *Server) GetOrMakeChannel(name string) *Channel {
 }
 
 // Send a message to clients of channels fromClient is a member.
-func (s *Server) InterestedUsers(fromUser *User) UserSet {
+func (s Server) InterestedUsers(fromUser *User) UserSet {
 	users := make(UserSet)
 	users.Add(fromUser)
 	for channel := range fromUser.channels {
@@ -102,20 +97,20 @@ func (s *Server) tryRegister(c *Client) {
 		c.registered = true
 		replies := []Reply{RplWelcome(s, c), RplYourHost(s, c), RplCreated(s), RplMyInfo(s)}
 		for _, reply := range replies {
-			c.replies <- reply
+			c.Replies() <- reply
 		}
 	}
 }
 
-func (s *Server) Id() string {
+func (s Server) Id() string {
 	return s.hostname
 }
 
-func (s *Server) PublicId() string {
+func (s Server) PublicId() string {
 	return s.Id()
 }
 
-func (s *Server) Nick() string {
+func (s Server) Nick() string {
 	return s.name
 }
 
@@ -128,11 +123,11 @@ func (s *Server) DeleteChannel(channel *Channel) {
 //
 
 func (m *UnknownCommand) HandleServer(s *Server) {
-	m.Client().replies <- ErrUnknownCommand(s, m.command)
+	m.Client().Replies() <- ErrUnknownCommand(s, m.command)
 }
 
 func (m *PingCommand) HandleServer(s *Server) {
-	m.Client().replies <- RplPong(s)
+	m.Client().Replies() <- RplPong(s)
 }
 
 func (m *PongCommand) HandleServer(s *Server) {
@@ -142,7 +137,7 @@ func (m *PongCommand) HandleServer(s *Server) {
 func (m *PassCommand) HandleServer(s *Server) {
 	err := bcrypt.CompareHashAndPassword(s.password, []byte(m.password))
 	if err != nil {
-		m.Client().replies <- ErrPasswdMismatch(s)
+		m.Client().Replies() <- ErrPasswdMismatch(s)
 		return
 	}
 
@@ -153,19 +148,19 @@ func (m *PassCommand) HandleServer(s *Server) {
 func (m *NickCommand) HandleServer(s *Server) {
 	c := m.Client()
 	if c.user == nil {
-		c.replies <- RplNick(c, m.nickname)
+		c.Replies() <- RplNick(c, m.nickname)
 		c.nick = m.nickname
 		s.tryRegister(c)
 		return
 	}
 
-	c.user.replies <- ErrNoPrivileges(s)
+	c.user.Replies() <- ErrNoPrivileges(s)
 }
 
 func (m *UserMsgCommand) HandleServer(s *Server) {
 	c := m.Client()
 	if c.username != "" {
-		c.replies <- ErrAlreadyRegistered(s)
+		c.Replies() <- ErrAlreadyRegistered(s)
 		return
 	}
 
@@ -180,7 +175,7 @@ func (m *QuitCommand) HandleServer(s *Server) {
 	if user != nil {
 		reply := RplQuit(c, m.message)
 		for user := range s.InterestedUsers(c.user) {
-			user.replies <- reply
+			user.Replies() <- reply
 		}
 	}
 	c.conn.Close()
@@ -194,7 +189,7 @@ func (m *QuitCommand) HandleServer(s *Server) {
 			BaseCommand: BaseCommand{c},
 		}
 		for channel := range user.channels {
-			channel.commands <- cmd
+			channel.Commands() <- cmd
 		}
 	}
 }
@@ -204,7 +199,7 @@ func (m *JoinCommand) HandleServer(s *Server) {
 
 	if c.user == nil {
 		for name := range m.channels {
-			c.replies <- ErrNoSuchChannel(s, name)
+			c.Replies() <- ErrNoSuchChannel(s, name)
 		}
 		return
 	}
@@ -214,13 +209,13 @@ func (m *JoinCommand) HandleServer(s *Server) {
 			BaseCommand: BaseCommand{c},
 		}
 		for channel := range c.user.channels {
-			channel.commands <- cmd
+			channel.Commands() <- cmd
 		}
 		return
 	}
 
 	for name := range m.channels {
-		s.GetOrMakeChannel(name).commands <- m
+		s.GetOrMakeChannel(name).Commands() <- m
 	}
 }
 
@@ -229,7 +224,7 @@ func (m *PartCommand) HandleServer(s *Server) {
 
 	if user == nil {
 		for _, chname := range m.channels {
-			m.Client().replies <- ErrNoSuchChannel(s, chname)
+			m.Client().Replies() <- ErrNoSuchChannel(s, chname)
 		}
 		return
 	}
@@ -238,11 +233,11 @@ func (m *PartCommand) HandleServer(s *Server) {
 		channel := s.channels[chname]
 
 		if channel == nil {
-			user.replies <- ErrNoSuchChannel(s, channel.name)
+			user.Replies() <- ErrNoSuchChannel(s, channel.name)
 			continue
 		}
 
-		channel.commands <- m
+		channel.Commands() <- m
 	}
 }
 
@@ -250,52 +245,52 @@ func (m *TopicCommand) HandleServer(s *Server) {
 	user := m.Client().user
 
 	if user == nil {
-		m.Client().replies <- ErrNoSuchChannel(s, m.channel)
+		m.Client().Replies() <- ErrNoSuchChannel(s, m.channel)
 		return
 	}
 
 	channel := s.channels[m.channel]
 	if channel == nil {
-		user.replies <- ErrNoSuchChannel(s, m.channel)
+		user.Replies() <- ErrNoSuchChannel(s, m.channel)
 		return
 	}
 
-	channel.commands <- m
+	channel.Commands() <- m
 }
 
 func (m *PrivMsgCommand) HandleServer(s *Server) {
 	service := s.services[m.target]
 	if service != nil {
-		service.commands <- m
+		service.Commands() <- m
 		return
 	}
 
 	user := m.Client().user
 	if user == nil {
-		m.Client().replies <- ErrNoSuchNick(s, m.target)
+		m.Client().Replies() <- ErrNoSuchNick(s, m.target)
 		return
 	}
 
 	if m.TargetIsChannel() {
 		channel := s.channels[m.target]
 		if channel == nil {
-			user.replies <- ErrNoSuchChannel(s, m.target)
+			user.Replies() <- ErrNoSuchChannel(s, m.target)
 			return
 		}
 
-		channel.commands <- m
+		channel.Commands() <- m
 		return
 	}
 
 	target := s.users[m.target]
 	if target == nil {
-		user.replies <- ErrNoSuchNick(s, m.target)
+		user.Replies() <- ErrNoSuchNick(s, m.target)
 		return
 	}
 
-	target.commands <- m
+	target.Commands() <- m
 }
 
 func (m *ModeCommand) HandleServer(s *Server) {
-	m.Client().replies <- RplUModeIs(s, m.Client())
+	m.Client().Replies() <- RplUModeIs(s, m.Client())
 }
diff --git a/src/irc/service.go b/src/irc/service.go
index b1dba229..49e1af13 100644
--- a/src/irc/service.go
+++ b/src/irc/service.go
@@ -28,8 +28,7 @@ func NewService(s *Server, name string) *Service {
 	return service
 }
 
-func (service *Service) HandleMsg(m *PrivMsgCommand) {
-}
+func (service *Service) HandleMsg(m *PrivMsgCommand) {}
 
 func (service *Service) receiveCommands(commands <-chan ServiceCommand) {
 	for command := range commands {
@@ -38,20 +37,24 @@ func (service *Service) receiveCommands(commands <-chan ServiceCommand) {
 	}
 }
 
-func (service *Service) Id() string {
+func (service Service) Id() string {
 	return fmt.Sprintf("%s!%s@%s", service.name, service.name, service.server.name)
 }
 
-func (service *Service) PublicId() string {
+func (service Service) PublicId() string {
 	return service.Id()
 }
 
-func (service *Service) Nick() string {
+func (service Service) Nick() string {
 	return service.name
 }
 
 func (service *Service) Reply(client *Client, message string) {
-	client.replies <- RplPrivMsg(service, client, message)
+	client.Replies() <- RplPrivMsg(service, client, message)
+}
+
+func (service Service) Commands() chan<- ServiceCommand {
+	return service.commands
 }
 
 //
diff --git a/src/irc/user.go b/src/irc/user.go
index 1884a151..447e4745 100644
--- a/src/irc/user.go
+++ b/src/irc/user.go
@@ -32,25 +32,29 @@ func (set UserSet) Remove(user *User) {
 }
 
 func NewUser(nick string, password string, server *Server) *User {
-	hash, err := bcrypt.GenerateFromPassword([]byte(password), bcrypt.DefaultCost)
-	if err != nil {
-		panic("bcrypt failed; cannot generate password hash")
-	}
 	commands := make(chan UserCommand)
 	replies := make(chan Reply)
 	user := &User{
 		nick:     nick,
-		hash:     hash,
 		server:   server,
 		clients:  make(ClientSet),
 		channels: make(ChannelSet),
 		replies:  replies,
 	}
+	user.SetPassword(password)
 	go user.receiveCommands(commands)
 	go user.receiveReplies(replies)
 	return user
 }
 
+func (user *User) SetPassword(password string) {
+	hash, err := bcrypt.GenerateFromPassword([]byte(password), bcrypt.DefaultCost)
+	if err != nil {
+		panic("bcrypt failed; cannot generate password hash")
+	}
+	user.hash = hash
+}
+
 func (user *User) receiveCommands(commands <-chan UserCommand) {
 	for command := range commands {
 		log.Printf("%s %T %+v", user.Id(), command, command)
@@ -63,25 +67,29 @@ func (user *User) receiveReplies(replies <-chan Reply) {
 	for reply := range replies {
 		log.Printf("%s %T %+v", user.Id(), reply, reply)
 		for client := range user.clients {
-			client.replies <- reply
+			client.Replies() <- reply
 		}
 	}
 }
 
 // Identifier
 
-func (user *User) Id() string {
+func (user User) Id() string {
 	return fmt.Sprintf("%s!%s@%s", user.nick, user.nick, user.server.Id())
 }
 
-func (user *User) PublicId() string {
+func (user User) PublicId() string {
 	return user.Id()
 }
 
-func (user *User) Nick() string {
+func (user User) Nick() string {
 	return user.nick
 }
 
+func (user User) Commands() chan<- UserCommand {
+	return user.commands
+}
+
 func (user *User) Login(c *Client, nick string, password string) bool {
 	if nick != c.nick {
 		return false
@@ -93,7 +101,7 @@ func (user *User) Login(c *Client, nick string, password string) bool {
 
 	err := bcrypt.CompareHashAndPassword(user.hash, []byte(password))
 	if err != nil {
-		c.replies <- ErrNoPrivileges(user.server)
+		c.Replies() <- ErrNoPrivileges(user.server)
 		return false
 	}
 
@@ -101,8 +109,8 @@ func (user *User) Login(c *Client, nick string, password string) bool {
 	c.user = user
 	for channel := range user.channels {
 		channel.GetTopic(c)
-		c.replies <- RplNamReply(channel)
-		c.replies <- RplEndOfNames(channel.server)
+		c.Replies() <- RplNamReply(channel)
+		c.Replies() <- RplEndOfNames(channel.server)
 	}
 	return true
 }
@@ -115,11 +123,11 @@ func (user *User) LogoutClient(c *Client) bool {
 	return false
 }
 
-func (user *User) HasClients() bool {
+func (user User) HasClients() bool {
 	return len(user.clients) > 0
 }
 
-func (user *User) Replies() chan<- Reply {
+func (user User) Replies() chan<- Reply {
 	return user.replies
 }
 
@@ -128,5 +136,5 @@ func (user *User) Replies() chan<- Reply {
 //
 
 func (m *PrivMsgCommand) HandleUser(user *User) {
-	user.replies <- RplPrivMsg(m.Client(), user, m.message)
+	user.Replies() <- RplPrivMsg(m.Client(), user, m.message)
 }